航空模拟舱飞行行为的EPIC理论仿真

利用计算机技术,以执行过程交互控制(EPIC)理论框架为基础,建立了一个虚拟飞行员飞行过程的计算模型,并对人在复杂任务下的作业绩效进行了仿真。结果表明：(1)该研究在原有EPIC理论基础上发展的仿真模型合理可行;(2)仿真结果和实验结果拟合良好,模型具有良好的预测能力。该研究为以仿真方法研究复杂任务的心理过程提供了一次有益的尝试。     

对整合模型和占优启发式模型的检验：基于信息加工过程的眼动研究证据

基于信息加工过程视角, 本研究采用眼动技术检验风险决策整合模型和占优启发式模型。结果表明, 自主决策任务条件下决策过程反应时及信息搜索模式均不同于期望价值(EV)迫选任务条件下的决策过程反应时及信息搜索模式; 自主决策任务条件下决策过程反应时并未随着选项间整体值(CPT值)差值的变大而变快, 且基于特征(attribute-based)的信息搜索多于基于选项(option-based)的信息搜索, 不符合整合模型预期。此外, 决策者亦未按照占优启发式模型所假定的决策步骤进行决策。基于信息加工过程的检验结果既不利于以累积预期理论为代表的整合模型, 亦不利于占优启发式模型。文章建议从决策过程视角检验已有决策模型及建立新的启发式决策过程模型(process model)。     

人格五因素模型研究述评

五因素模型(Five Factor Model,简称FFM)是当前一个颇具影响的人格结构理论。本从五因素模型的理论假设、研究方法及研究现状等几个方面进行了简单论述．并对五因素模型研究的一些优势和不足进行了扼要评价。     

拖延行为的干预:计划行为理论和实施意向的影响

本研究以计划行为理论为理论框架,通过实验操纵实施意向,采用日记法进行为期5天的纵向追踪,考察计划行为理论的4个核心变量和实施意向如何影响拖延行为的程度及其动态过程。134名大学生在前一周末共列举了接下来5个工作日内拟完成的668项学习相关任务,随后每天报告当天的任务完成情况。多层线性模型分析结果表明:(1)行为意向中介态度和行为控制感对拖延程度的影响,主观规范影响拖延程度的直接效应显著,但经由行为意向的间接效应不显著;(2)形成实施意向能显著降低拖延程度;(3)行为控制感和实施意向加速任务完成进程,行为控制感越强,或形成实施意向,均显著加快任务完成速度。研究结果对于如何进行拖延行为的干预有一定启示和借鉴。     

记忆重构和信心评估:商标属性与使用经验的影响

记忆是重现,还是重构?已有理论存在争论。本研究以商标信息为实验材料,应用任务分离范式、元记忆检测范式等方法,探讨了商标属性和用户使用经验对记忆重构的影响。结果发现:(1)商标信息的正确回忆频数及成绩显著低于错误回忆的频数和成绩。(2)简单商标的记忆成绩高于复杂商标的记忆成绩;同时,忠实用户对商标信息的记忆成绩显著高于非忠实用户;(3)在回忆任务之前,人们对商标信息的回忆及其信心评估存在分离;但在回忆任务后二者的变化趋于一致。这表明,复杂程度对商标信息的记忆重构存在显著影响,而且存在用户类型差异;商标信息的记忆重构过程中元认知判断及信心评估会发生变化。     

传递性推理的ERP研究

以抽象的内容作为实验材料,测定15名大学生在完成三种不同类型的传递性推理任务和基线任务(记忆判断任务)时的事件相关电位(ERP),探讨传递性推理过程的脑内时程动态变化。研究发现,三种推理任务所诱发的波形基本一致,而推理任务与基线任务之间的ERP波形存在明显的差异。这说明对于传递性推理,被试可能是根据视觉的空间表征对信息进行加工的,结果进一步支持了心理模型理论。     

中学生个人认识论的理论构建与测量

基于个人认识论理论中较为成熟的反省判断模型,本研究构建了中学生个人认识论的理论框架,并进一步编制了中学生个人认识论问卷,随后调查了459名中学生,结果发现:(1)初测问卷具有良好的项目区分度、结构效度和内部一致性信度。(2)个人认识论的结构由五个一阶因素、两个二阶因素构成:一阶因素分别包括知识的确定性、知识的简单性、知识的来源、求知的论证性、表征多元;二阶因素包括知识的本质和求知的本质。     

纵向再探学前儿童心理理论发展模式

本文作者前不久完成的一项横断设计研究中, 以自编的心理理论量表测查比较了中美两国3~5岁儿童的有关发展。量表包括五项任务: (1) 不同的愿望; (2) 知与不知; (3) 不同的信念; (4) 内容错误信念和 (5) 伪装的情绪。研究发现两种不同文化群体儿童对上述任务的理解均表现出稳定一致的发展次序, 两者的次序大致相同但具有重要差别: 我国儿童的理解次序如从易到难排列如上所列, 这一次序与美国儿童的差别在于我国儿童先理解“知与不知”, 然后是“不同的信念”, 而美国儿童则恰好相反。这一研究结果对了解不同文化儿童心理理论的发展次序是十分有意义的, 但问题是经由横断设计的量表研究所确立的发展次序能否准确地描述个体儿童的纵向进展呢? 为此本研究使用了相同的测量工具对参加过横断研究的北京3岁儿童(时间1)在他们4岁(时间2)和5岁(时间3)时进行了焦点追踪研究。研究结果表明, 随着测查时间的 延伸, 个体儿童的作业成绩不仅逐步提高, 而且这种提高符合量表任务的发展次序。通过应用格特曼(Guttman)和雷氏(Rasch)测量模型对这一结果的分析, 再一次证实我国个体儿童的有关发展次序与欧美文化儿童的发展次序大致相同并且有重要的差别。本研究的结果不仅能为横断研究中个别差异的研究提供有用的工具, 而且深化了人们对心理理论发展机制的认识, 即把心理理论的发展看作是在一定的文化环境影响下不断扩展和深化的概念建构过程。但对这一推论仍有待进一步证实。     

变革还是拖延？员工对不合规任务的差异化应对

不合规任务是超出员工预期工作范围并侵犯其职业身份的工作任务。面对不合规任务,员工会作何反应？基于趋避模型,本研究提出了员工面对不合规任务的差异化应对方式,即高趋近倾向的员工实施主动变革,高回避倾向的员工展现工作拖延。研究1采用情景模拟实验(N=350),结果表明不合规任务与趋近倾向正向交互影响主动变革行为(趋近应对),不合规任务与回避倾向正向交互影响工作拖延行为(回避应对)。研究2采用基于三阶段问卷调查的相关研究(N=207),不仅再次验证了研究1结果,还揭示了建设性变革责任感在员工趋近应对过程中的中介作用,工作疏离感在员工回避应对过程中的中介作用。上述结果有助于全面揭示不合规任务的应对模式,启发组织精准管理不合规任务。     

不同类型数学任务的PASS认知加工发展特点

PASS理论是由Das和Naglieri提出的关于智力理论的一种认知过程理论。研究采用以PASS理论为基础编制而成的认知评估系统（第二版简版,CAS-2B）为研究工具,选取226名二年级、四年级以及七年级的学生,探讨PASS过程在数学计算流畅性,数学问题解决及数学推理等不同数学任务中的作用。研究结果显示：PASS模型各过程在三个年级的不同数学任务上各有侧重。在数学推理任务中,同时性加工对三个年级的数学推理任务预测显著,解释率为15%~17%,注意过程只在二年级对学生的数学推理任务预测;在数学计算流畅性任务中,注意过程随着年级的升高,其预测作用逐渐减退,解释率为5%~24%,计划功能的作用随年级的升高而逐渐突显;在数学问题解决任务中,继时性加工与注意功能对二年级预测显著,四年级时突显了计划和同时性加工的作用。不同复杂性的数学任务具有不同的认知特点,编码加工过程对于较复杂数学任务作用明显;计划与注意过程对简单数学任务作用明显。研究结果为今后不同年级学生开展有针对性的数学学习训练提供了理论基础。     

Executive-process interactive control: A unified computational theory for answering 20 questions (and more) about cognitive ageing

Although the effects of ageing on human information processing and performance have been studied extensively, many fundamental questions about cognitive ageing remain to be answered definitively. For example, what are the sources of age-related slowing? How much is working-memory capacity reduced in older adults? Is time-sharing ability lost with age? Answering such questions requires a unified computational theory that characterises the interactive operations of many component mental processes and integrates diverse data on cognitive ageing. Toward fulfilling this requirement, an executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture has been extended to model performance of both young and older adults. EPIC models yield accurate accounts of ageing effects on reaction times and accuracy in basic dual-task and working-memory paradigms. From these accounts, it appears that time-sharing ability and working-memory capacity decrease relatively little until after 70 years of age. Before age 70, at least some apparent performance decrements may be attributable to conservative executive processes and inefficient task procedures rather than decreased "hardware" functionality. By clarifying and deepening such insights, unified computational theories like EPIC will help answer many questions about cognitive ageing.     

Adaptive executive control: Flexible multiple-task performance without pervasive immutable response-selection bottlenecks

A new theoretical framework, the EPIC (Executive-Process/Interactive-Control) architecture, provides the basis for accurate detailed computational models of human multiple-task performance. Contrary to the traditional response-selection bottleneck hypothesis, EPIC's cognitive processor can select responses and do other procedural operations simultaneously for multiple concurrent tasks. Using this capacity together with flexible executive control of peripheral perceptual-motor components, EPIC computational models account well for various patterns of mean reaction times, systematic individual differences in multiple-task performance, and influences of special training on people's task-coordination strategies. These diverse phenomena, and EPIC's success at modeling them, raise strong doubts about the existence of a pervasive immutable response-selection bottleneck in the human information-processing system. The present research therefore helps further characterize the nature of discrete versus continuous information processing.     

Aging and the psychological refractory period: task-coordination strategies in young and old adults

The apparently deleterious effect of aging on dual-task performance is well established, but there is little agreement about the source of this effect. Studies of the psychological refractory period (PRP) indicate that young adults can flexibly control dual-task performance through task-coordination strategies. Thus, the performance of older adults might differ from young adults because older adults use different task-coordination strategies. To test this hypothesis, the executive-process interactive control (EPIC) architecture was applied to quantify the reaction time data from two PRP experiments conducted with young (age 18-26) and older (age 60-70) adults. The results show that participants' ability to coordinate the processing of two tasks did not decline with age. However, dual-task time costs were greater in the older adults. Three sources for this increase were found: generalized slowing, process-specific slowing, and the use of more cautious task-coordination strategies by the older adults.     

简评认知神经科学取向的智力观

随着认知神经科学与生物技术的发展,现当代智力理论的构建明显地受到其影响。这些智力理论被称之为认知神经科学取向的智力观,如Garlick的神经可塑性模型;Das等人根据Luria的神经模型提出的智力PASS模型;Kaufman提出的儿童评估成套测验（K-ABC）;Ceci的生物-生态学智力模型及Perkins的真智力理论等。这些智力观都直接将认知神经过程或神经生物学的某些研究成果融合于其理论模型之中。认知神经科学取向的智力观为智力研究提供了新的研究视角和思考维度,但同时也可能面临某种发展困境。第二代认知科学的具身认知思想可能是解决传统身-心争论的有效途径。     

Bayesian Analysis of Multivariate Probit Models with Surrogate Outcome Data

A new class of parametric models that generalize the multivariate probit model and the errors-in-variables model is developed to model and analyze ordinal data. A general model structure is assumed to accommodate the information that is obtained via surrogate variables. A hybrid Gibbs sampler is developed to estimate the model parameters. To obtain a rapidly converged algorithm, the parameter expansion technique is applied to the correlation structure of the multivariate probit models. The proposed model and method of analysis are demonstrated with real data examples and simulation studies.     

Developing a reflective practice model for engineering leadership

This paper advances discourse pertaining to the development of a reflective practice model in engineering leadership. It is based on reflective experiences over a four-year period that were developed as part of a Doctoral in Business Administration module. It is contextualised within an engineering consultancy and the narrative is described from an Engineering Leadership perspective; the narrative is also woven with theory and there is the inclusion of a DBA Practitioner lens on the findings. The paper identifies the model developed for reflective practice and presents evidence of personal learning and thinking styles as its outcome. The paper concludes that reflective practice is a personal journey of learning and that model development is a choice of what suits the individual.     

Extensions of the partial credit model

The partial credit model, developed by Masters (1982), is a unidimensional latent trait model for responses scored in two or more ordered categories. In the present paper some extensions of the model are presented. First, a marginal maximum likelihood estimation procedure is developed which allows for incomplete data and linear restrictions on both the item and the population parameters. Secondly, two statistical tests for evaluating model fit are presented: the former test has power against violation of the assumption about the ability distribution, the latter test offers the possibility of identifying specific items that do not fit the model.The authors are indepted to professor Wim van der Linden and Huub Verstralen for their helpful comments.     

A Signal Detection Model for Multiple-Choice Exams

A model for multiple-choice exams is developed from a signal-detection perspective. A correct alternative in a multiple-choice exam can be viewed as being a signal embedded in noise (incorrect alternatives). Examinees are assumed to have perceptions of the plausibility of each alternative, and the decision process is to choose the most plausible alternative. It is also assumed that each examinee either knows or does not know each item. These assumptions together lead to a signal detection choice model for multiple-choice exams. The model can be viewed, statistically, as a mixture extension, with random mixing, of the traditional choice model, or similarly, as a grade-of-membership extension. A version of the model with extreme value distributions is developed, in which case the model simplifies to a mixture multinomial logit model with random mixing. The approach is shown to offer measures of item discrimination and difficulty, along with information about the relative plausibility of each of the alternatives. The model, parameters, and measures derived from the parameters are compared to those obtained with several commonly used item response theory models. An application of the model to an educational data set is presented.     

The extension of component analysis to four-mode matrices

A model for four-mode component analysis is developed and presented. The developed model, which is an extension of Tucker's three-mode factor analytic model, allows for the simultaneous analysis of all modes of a four-mode data matrix and the consideration of relationships among the modes. An empirical example based upon viewer perceptions of repetitive advertising shows the four-mode model applicable to real data.This research was supported by the University of Kansas School of Business Research Fund provided by the Fourth National Bank & Trust Company, Wichita. The ideas and opinions expressed herein are solely those of the author.