选择反应作业中的反应组织

通过2-选择反应作业的两个反应复杂度不对称（不等）实验因素考察反应组织,发现在同一作业中无反应复杂度效应,而作业之间反应复杂度效应显著。这提示选择反应是选择已完成组织的反应,而不是实时地进行反应动作组织,进而引入动作模块的概念。即把反应组织视为选择动作模块过程。其实际意义是,在操作界面的优化设计中,要提高一组同时可选择操作R中的某一种操作Ri(R∈Ri|i=1,2,…,n）的绩效,其有效途径是应降低这一组操作R的平均复杂度;如果只降低Ri的复杂度,要提高其绩效收效甚微。     

反应选择和反应组织影响因素的实验研究

用Ｓ－Ｒ相容性来操纵心理潜伏期的反应选择过程,用反应的复杂性来操纵心理潜伏期的反应组织过程。发现Ｓ－Ｒ相容性影响反应选择过程;反应的复杂性影响反应组织过程;Ｓ－Ｒ相容性对反应时的效应与反应的复杂性对反应时的效应有交互作用。提出心理潜伏期的心工模型,很好地解释了Ｓ－Ｒ相容性对反应时的主效应,反应复杂性对反应的主效应,以及Ｓ－Ｒ相容性与反应的复杂性对反应时的效应的超加法交互任用的等实验现象。     

眼见为实?视觉搜索的证实反应与策略反应

为检验视觉搜索加工过程中目标驱动与刺激驱动的制约关系,本研究采用视觉搜索范式,操作靶目标颜色与样例颜色是否匹配,以及搜索刺激集的样例颜色比例两个搜索难度变量;并根据靶目标兴趣区注视点情况,把搜索策略划分为证实反应与策略反应。结果表明,在搜索难度增加时,证实反应的比例下降,而策略反应的比例上升,这表明搜索策略的转换优化了注意选择功能。     

嫉妒反应结构模式与反应量表的同质性研究

研究嫉妒反应成分及其结构模式,检验嫉妒反应量表的同质性。相关分析和因素分析结果发现,7种嫉妒反应在反应成分上具有明显的建构效度;7种嫉妒反应量表具有一致的同质性效度;4种嫉妒反应因素在反应顺序上具有内在逻辑关系,4种嫉妒反应结构可被视为一般性的嫉妒反应模式。     

反应风格的测量与统计控制

反应风格是共同方法偏差的主要来源之一。本文首先讨论反应风格的定义和类型,梳理其危害,认为反应风格能使测验分数出现偏差,影响测验信效度分析和变量关系分析,有必要控制其危害。然后介绍了常用的反应风格测量方法,包括计数法和模型法两大类,对测量方法的选择给出了建议,在此基础上,就如何结合反应风格的测量方法与残差回归法、偏相关法来控制反应风格危害给出建议。     

反应风格的测量与统计控制

反应风格是共同方法偏差的主要来源之一。本文首先讨论反应风格的定义和类型,梳理其危害,认为反应风格能使测验分数出现偏差,影响测验信效度分析和变量关系分析,有必要控制其危害。然后介绍了常用的反应风格测量方法,包括计数法和模型法两大类,对测量方法的选择给出了建议,在此基础上,就如何结合反应风格的测量方法与残差回归法、偏相关法来控制反应风格危害给出建议。     

任务转换中的反应-反应相容性效应

采用任务转换范式,分别以阿拉伯数字奇偶判断和组成汉字词的汉字结构一致性判断为任务,通过两个实验探查了不同类型材料在任务转换中的反应—反应相容性效应。结果发现:(1)材料类型对反应—反应相容性效应有影响,任务转换前阿拉伯数字材料存在反应—反应相容性效应,汉字词材料不存在反应—反应相容性效应;(2)任务转换时段对阿拉伯数字奇偶判断任务的反应—反应相容性效应没有影响,转换前后阿拉伯数字奇偶判断任务都存在反应—反应相容性效应;(3)任务转换时段对汉字词任务的反应—反应相容性有影响。转换前没有反应—反应相容性效应,转换后存在反应—反应相容性效应。     

事故多发驾驶员与安全驾驶员反应时的比较研究

本文对18名事故多发卡车驾驶员和18名安全卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉简单反应时、选择反应时以及决策时间进行了比较研究.结果表明事故多发组卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉简单反应时比安全组卡车驾驶员长,但差异不显著;事故多发组卡车驾驶员的视觉、听觉选择反应时与决策时间都比安全组卡车驾驶员长,且差异显著.本研究结果为我国深入开展驾驶员的选拔、培训与驾驶适应性检测提供理论依据与技术支持.     

学生智力与反应时的关系的教育神经心理学研究

通过比较不同智商者的大脑两半球的反应时发现,小学生中智力较高者大脑西半球的反应时较智力较低者明显为短,说明智力水平与大脑反应明显相关;选择反应时与智力水平的关系较简单反应时尤为密切。但正确反应率在两组之间未见有明显差异。     

多维项目反应理论等级反应模型

基于因子分析和单维项目反应理论的多维项目反应理论是测量理论的新发展方向之一。但是, 多维项目反应理论仍处于不成熟的发展阶段, 多数研究也只是以二级评分为主。本文首先介绍了逻辑斯蒂形式的多维等级反应模型, 并以二维等级反应模型为例, 分析了模型的数学函数图像及其性质。然后, 推导出了多维等级反应模型的项目信息函数, 并结合实例进行了讨论。进一步地, 本文阐述了使用联合极大似然估计和马尔科夫链蒙特卡洛方法估计多维等级反应模型参数的思想。最后, 指出了一些有待研究的问题。     

Response-specific sources of dual-task interference in human pre-motor cortex

It is difficult to perform two tasks at the same time. Such performance limitations are exemplified by the psychological refractory period (PRP): when participants make distinct motor responses to two stimuli presented in rapid succession, the response to the second stimulus is increasingly slowed as the time interval between the two stimuli is decreased. This impairment is thought to reflect a central limitation in selecting the appropriate response to each stimulus, but not in perceptually encoding the stimuli. In the present study, it was sought to determine which brain regions are specifically involved in response selection under dual-task conditions by contrasting fMRI brain activity measured from a response selection manipulation that increased dual-task costs, with brain activity measured from an equally demanding manipulation that affected perceptual visibility. While a number of parieto-frontal areas involved in response selection were activated by both dual-task manipulations, the dorsal pre-motor cortex, and to a lesser extent the inferior frontal cortex, were specifically engaged by the response selection manipulation. These results suggest that the pre-motor cortex is an important neural locus of response selection limitation under dual-task situations.     

Response grouping in the psychological refractory period (PRP) paradigm: models and contamination effects

Response grouping is a ubiquitous phenomenon in psychological refractory period (PRP) tasks, yet it hampers the analysis of dual-task performance. To account for response grouping, we developed several extended versions of the standard bottleneck model, each of which incorporates a possible grouping mechanism into this model. Computer simulations were used to assess how the predictions of the standard model would change with each grouping mechanism. One set of simulations investigated the basic effects of grouping on the means and intercorrelation of the reaction times in the two tasks, as well as the percentage of trials with short interresponse times (IRTs). A second set of simulations examined whether response grouping would invalidate the use of PRP paradigms for localizing experimental effects. Finally, we investigated whether the post-hoc elimination of trials with short IRTs removes the contaminating effects of response grouping.     

Motor Programming Within a Sequence of Responses

Choice reaction time prior to a motor response has been shown to depend on the nature of the response to be made. This effect is assumed to represent variations in programming time. However, as the length of a response sequence increases this effect becomes smaller, suggesting that some response programming is postponed until after the response sequence is initiated. The present experiment studied this assumed programming within a sequence of responses. For sequences comprised of two Morse Code responses (e.g. dit-dah) the initial reaction time was independent of the terminal response. However, programming of this terminal response was apparent as a lengthening of the duration of intervals within the response when the terminal response was dah rather than dit. When programming of parts of the sequence is postponed beyond the reaction time interval, the programming occurs later and influences the timing of the sequence of responses.     

Response programming, as assessed by reaction time, does not establish commands for particular muscles

In previous studies, response programming has been inferred from a relation between reaction time and the nature of the response which follows. However, it has not been clear whether this programming process generates commands for specific muscles or abstract timing networks which can be applied to any appropriate muscle group. Experiment 1 employed the Sternberg (1969) additive-factor method to show that muscle selection need not be completed before such programming begins, a conclusion which is inconsistent with the view that this process establishes commands to previously selected muscles. Experiments 2 and 3 provide converging evidence against the muscle-specific view of programming by showing that advance programming of response timing can occur when the response muscle is not specified. A theoretical framework encompassing these and previous results is proposed.     

Precueing Response Factors in Choice Reaction Time

This note discusses the assumption researchers make when movement attributes are precued in a choice reaction time (RT) paradigm—i.e., that the precue only reduces the number of response alternatives, so that changes in RT reflect the programming time for the unprecued attributes. However, it is argued that since the precue reduces the number of stimulus alternatives, changes in RT reflect changes in both stimulus processing and response programming. Therefore, the interpretation made by Klapp (1977), using the precue paradigm, that response selection and response timing are not independent sequential stages in the programming sequence, is not necessarily correct.     

Precueing response factors in choice reaction time: a word of caution

This note discusses the assumption researchers make when movement attributes are precued in a choice reaction time (RT) paradigm-i.e., that the precue only reduces the number of response alternatives, so that changes in RT reflect the programming time for the unprecued attributes. However, it is argued that since the precue reduces the number of stimulus alternatives, changes in RT reflect changes in both stimulus processing and response programming. Therefore, the interpretation made by Klapp (1977), using the precue paradigm, that response selection and response timing are not independent sequential stages in the programming sequence, is not necessarily correct.     

Motor Programming as a Function of Constraints on Movement Initiation

Three experiments are reported that test the hypothesis that under certain conditions programming time is a function of the directional accuracy demand of a response, directional accuracy being quantified by the minimal angle subtended at the point of movement initiation by the circular targets within the response. Subjects in three simple reaction time experiments were required to tap a single target or a series of circular targets as rapidly as possible with a hand-held stylus. Experiments 1 and 3 showed that the subtended angle (SA) of a response can have a more powerful effect on programming time, as indexed by reaction time and premotor time, than the number of movement parts in the response. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the locus of the directional accuracy effect was SA and not target size or movement distance. In all three experiments, response SA was a better predictor of programming time than was number of movement parts, target size, movement distance, movement time, and average movement velocity. The findings support the notion that constraints placed upon movement initiation by the directional accuracy demand of the task can play an important role in determining the length of the programming process.     

Motor programming as a function of constraints on movement initiation

Three experiments are reported that test the hypothesis that under certain conditions programming time is a function of the directional accuracy demand of a response, directional accuracy being quantified by the minimal angle subtended at the point of movement initiation by the circular targets within the response. Subjects in three simple reaction time experiments were required to tap a single target or a series of circular targets as rapidly as possible with a hand-held stylus. Experiments 1 and 3 showed that the subtended angle (SA) of a response can have a more powerful effect on programming time, as indexed by reaction time and premotor time, than the number of movement parts in the response. The results of Experiment 2 revealed that the locus of the directional accuracy effect was SA and not target size or movement distance. In all three experiments, response SA was a better predictor of programming time than was number of movement parts, target size, movement distance, movement time, and average movement velocity. The findings support the notion that constraints placed upon movement initiation by the directional accuracy demand of the task can play an important role in determining the length of the programming process.     

PROGRAMMING STRATEGIES AND THE POPULARITY OF TELEVISION PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN

This study investigated the effects of various programming strategies, commonly employed by the networks, on program popularity for children. Viewing data for prime time and Saturday morning programs were collected in the fall, winter, and spring of the ‘75-'76 season. Simple correlations supported the relationship between program popularity and the following programming strategies: counterprogramming by type, block programming by type, inheritance effects, starting time, program familiarity, and character familiarity. Regression analysis, which controlled for relationships among programming strategies, confirmed the effects of program familiarity and starting time only. The results, suggest that children are not highly adventurous viewers. On the contrary, it appears that past experience with a program coupled with availability of the child audience are overriding determinants of program popularity.     

Preprogramming, programming and reprogramming of aimed hand movements as a function of age

The present experiments were conducted to investigate the relationship between age and the response programming operations underlying the execution of a ballistic motor act. In an initial experiment, two separate age groups of female subjects (mean ages of 21.9 and 69.1 years) performed aimed-movements of the right hand and arm in one of two movement directions (left or right), under preprogramming, programming, and reprogramming conditions. These operations were examined by providing advance information about the direction of an impending movement and manipulating the degree of correspondence between the advance information and a subsequent reaction signal. The results indicated that subjects in the older age group reacted and moved more slowly than subjects in the younger age group, however, there was no interaction between age and the three response programming conditions. Such findings indicated that the basic operational characteristics of these processes remain unaffected with advancing chronological age. Also, irrespective of age and response programming condition, responses to the right were initiated faster than responses to the left. This difference was especially accentuated for reprogramming. A second experiment, using a new stimulus-response mapping, replicated the left-right difference in initiation time; this difference was reversed when the left hand was used to execute the designated movement, indicating that this finding is indeed a response programming phenomenon. Further discussion focused on the possible operations underlying reprogramming.