Three-Valued Temporal Logic <Emphasis Type="Italic">Q</Emphasis><Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">t</Emphasis></Subscript> and Future Contingents

Prior’s three-valued modal logic Q was developed as a philosophically interesting modal logic. Thus, we should be able to modify Q as a temporal logic. Although a temporal version of Q was suggested by Prior, the subject has not been fully explored in the literature. In this paper, we develop a three-valued temporal logic Q _t and give its axiomatization and semantics. We also argue that Q _t provides a smooth solution to the problem of future contingents. Presented by Daniele Mundici     

Electrical conductivity of Nd and Ce co-doped Gd2Zr2O7 ceramics

In this study, (Gd_{1? x} Nd _x )₂(Zr_{1? x} Ce _x )₂O₇ (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5) ceramics have been prepared by pressureless sintering at 1973 K to investigate the influence of Nd and Ce co-doping on their electrical conductivity. The electrical conductivity of the ceramics was investigated by impedance spectroscopy measurements from 723 to 1173 K over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 2 MHz in air. The measured values obey the Arrhenius relation. For each composition, the grain conductivity gradually increases with increasing temperature from 723 to 1173 K. At a given temperature, it gradually decreases with increasing neodymium and cerium contents from x = 0 to 0.3; thereafter, the grain conductivity exhibits a slight increase with further increasing neodymium and cerium contents up to x = 0.5.     

Subcellular interactions between parallel fibre and climbing fibre signals in purkinje cells predict sensitivity of classical conditioning to interstimulus interval

Classical conditioning of the nictitating membrane response requires a specific temporal interval between conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus, and produces an incrase in Protein Kinase C (PKC) activation in Purkinje cells. To evaluate whether biochemical interactions within the Purkinje cell may explain the temporal sensitivity, a model of PKC activation byCa ²⁺, diacylglycerol (DAG), and arachidonic acid (AA) is developed.Ca ²⁺ elevation is due to CF stimulation and IP3 inducedCa ²⁺ release (IICR). DAG andIP ₃ result from PF stimulation, while AA results from phospholipase A2 (PLA ₂). Simulations predict increased PKC activation when PF stimulation precedes CF stimulation by 0.1 to 3 s. The sensitivity of IICR to the temporal relation between PF and CF stimulation, together with the buffering system of Purkinje cells, significantly contribute to the temporal sensitivity.     

Atomic configurations of twin boundaries and twinning dislocation in superconductor Y0.6Na0.4Ba2Cu2.7Zn0.3O7− δ

Two types of twin boundaries in superconductor Y_0.6Na_0.4Ba₂Cu_2.7Zn_0.3O_{7? δ} , the cation-centered and oxygen-centered types, and the associated twinning dislocation have been studied by high-resolution electron microscopy. The structure map projected in the [001] direction was obtained from a single image by means of the image deconvolution technique. In this map, all columns of metallic atoms appear as individual black dots, and hence the two types of twin boundaries are distinguished from each other at atomic level. It is seen that the twinning dislocation occurs when the two types of twin boundaries meet each other. The structure model of the twinning dislocation together with the two types of twin boundaries has been derived straightforwardly based on the positions of black dots seen in the deconvoluted image.     

Phonon densities of states of gamma-cerium and delta-cerium measured by time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering

Time-of-flight inelastic neutron scattering spectra were measured on cerium metal at temperatures near the fcc (gamma)-to-bcc (delta) transition temperature. Phonon density-of-states (DOS) curves were extracted from data acquired over a wide range of momentum transfers. A large softening of the phonon DOS was found in going from gamma-cerium to delta-cerium, and this accounts for an increase in vibrational entropy of (0.71 +/- 0.05)k _B/atom. To be consistent with the latent heat of the gamma-delta transition, this increase in vibrational entropy must be accompanied by a large decrease in electronic entropy. The results not only confirm the recent discovery of a significant electronic contribution to the gamma-delta transition but also suggest that it may be twice that previously reported.     

Atomic geometry and energetics of carbon nanotube necking

Molecular mechanics simulations were performed to probe the incipient plastic deformation in carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which involves nucleation of Stone–Wales (SW) defects and spiral glide of 5/7 dislocation dipoles that lead to quantized necking through a stepwise reduction in tube diameter. Quantification of the strain-dependent energetics of dislocation glide reveals that such dislocation motions are energetically favoured at high tensile strain. Pre-existing dislocations critically affect subsequent nucleation and separation of SW defects, as manifested by the competing deformation modes of symmetric versus asymmetric necking. The results provide a quantitative basis for the dislocation dynamics simulations of superplastically deformed CNTs.     

Constructive Logic with Strong Negation is a Substructural Logic. I

The goal of this two-part series of papers is to show that constructive logic with strong negation N is definitionally equivalent to a certain axiomatic extension NFL _ew of the substructural logic FL _ew . In this paper, it is shown that the equivalent variety semantics of N (namely, the variety of Nelson algebras) and the equivalent variety semantics of NFL _ew (namely, a certain variety of FL _ew -algebras) are term equivalent. This answers a longstanding question of Nelson [30]. Extensive use is made of the automated theorem-prover Prover9 in order to establish the result. The main result of this paper is exploited in Part II of this series [40] to show that the deductive systems N and NFL _ew are definitionally equivalent, and hence that constructive logic with strong negation is a substructural logic over FL _ew . Presented by Heinrich Wansing     

Theoretical explanation for Raman and ESR spectra of V3+ ions in salt guanidinium vanadium sulfate hexahydrate

The Raman spectra and electronic spin resonance (ESR) parameters (spin-Hamiltonian parameter g factors, zero-field splitting parameter D, and hyperfine structure constant A) for the trigonal V³⁺ centers in salt guanidinium vanadium sulfate hexahydrate (GVSH) are calculated from the complete diagonalization (of energy matrix) method. The theoretical results are in agreement with the experimental findings and the trigonal crystal-field parameters are determined. The difficulty in explaining ESR parameters of V³⁺ in GVSH is removed.     

Amount of General Factor Saturation in the Beck Anxiety Inventory Responses of Outpatients with Anxiety Disorders

To ascertain the amount of general factor saturation underlying the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck and Steer 1993) responses of anxious patients, the BAI was administered to 525 outpatients with DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorders. McDonald’s omega_hierarchical(ω _h) (Zinbarg et al. 2005) was calculated to estimate the amount of general factor saturation; ω _h is the amount of variance explained by a general (second-order) factor underlying a scale composed of multiple items divided by the total amount of variance explained by all of the scale’s items. An iterated principal-factor analysis was first performed and followed by a Schmid-Leiman transformation to determine the amount of variance explained by the second-order factor. ω _h was 0.70 [95% CI 0.66–0.72], and this value was discussed as supporting the current practice of summing the 21 symptom ratings of the BAI to estimate the overall severity of self-reported anxiety.

A longitudinal study of school adjustment in urban,minority adolescents: Effects of a high school transition program

Described an intervention program designed to prepare elementary school (K-8) eighth-grade students for their transition to high school the following year. Participants in the study were 145, predominantly Hispanic, inner-city public school adolescents. The experimental group received an augmented condition, consisting of Education and Peer Support Components. The control group received a minimal condition consisting of only the Education Component. While no group effects were observed, time effects indicated experimental and control students' improved perceptions of school readiness, but deteriorated perceptions of support from both home and school and diminished grade-point averages and attendance. Time effects also revealed variable changes in school perceptions. Findings are discussed in terms of a developmental perspective of the school transition process. Implications for high school transition programming with the target population and directions for future research are also addressed.     

Extended energy-loss fine structure analysis of 3d transition metals using L ionization edges

The extended energy-loss fine structure (EXELFS) in electron-energy-loss spectroscopy has been compared experimentally with the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), for determining local structure around 3d transition metals. Since the EXELFS spectrum is acquired in an analytical transmission electron microscope, the probing beam can be focused to offer a lateral spatial resolution in the nanometre range, which is several orders of magnitude better than that of X-rays. Also, the microscope allows the area of interest to be imaged and analysed by other methods. However, difficulties in the analysis of EXELFS of 3d transition metals arise from the overlap of the edges in the accessible L series. EXELFS of L ionization edges of crystalline Ni and Cu were examined as test specimens. The overlapped L₁,L₂ and L₃ edges were separated and compared with the K-edge EXAFS of the same samples. The first- and second-nearest-neighbour distances from EXELFS are in agreement with those measured from EXAFS and X-ray diffraction. As a structural probe, however, the accuracy of quantitative analysis of EXAFS is still superior since the L-edge EXELFS decays more rapidly than K-edge EXAFS.     

Probability: A new logico-semantical approach

This approach does not define a probability measure by syntactical structures. It reveals a link between modal logic and mathematical probability theory. This is shown (1) by adding an operator (and two further connectives and constants) to a system of lower predicate calculus and (2) regarding the models of that extended system. These models are models of the modal systemS ₅ (without the Barcan formula), where a usual probability measure is defined on their set of possible worlds. Mathematical probability models can be seen as models ofS ₅.     

A Short Story about the Übermensch: Vladimir Solov'ëv's Interpretation of and Response to Nietzsche's Übermensch

From the 1890s on, the atheist philosopher F. Nietzsche exerted a profound and enduring impact on Russian religious, cultural, and social reality. The religious philosopher V.S. Solov'ëv perceived Nietzsche's thought as an actual threat to Russian religious consciousness and his own anthropological ideal of Divine Humanity. He was especially preoccupied with the idea of the Übermensch since sometwo decades before the Nietzschean Übermensch was popularized in Russia, Solov'ëv had already developed his own interpretation of the sverkhchelovek.     

The Laozi Code

The term “dao” (道) has been playing the theoretically paradigmatic role in almost all East Asian philosophies, religions, and cultures. The meanings of the term “dao” in the Dao De Jing and other ancient East Asian texts have remained hermeneutically problematic up to this point in time. This article argues that one of the main causes of this hermeneutical problematic is the failure to establish a theoretically formal typology of the “dao.” It further suggests that a hermeneutically disciplined reading of the 76 uses of the term “dao” in the Dao De Jing accomplishes two important goals: (1) it demonstrates that a typological approach may enhance an understanding of the Laoian Dao, and (2) it provides some good data to begin reconstructing such a theoretically formal dao-typology.     

Concurrent Validity Studies of the Facial Discrimination Task

We examined the concurrent validity properties of the Facial Discrimination Task (FDT), an instrument for the assessment of facial emotion recognition by comparing it with the widely used Pictures of Facial Affect (PFA). In Study 1, 100 adults with heterogeneous psychiatric diagnoses were administered items of the FDT Emotion Task, the FDT Age Task, and PFA. In Study 2, 25 normally developing preschool children were instructed to label happy, sad, or neutral facial expressions from the FDT and the PFA. Despite methodological differences between the two studies, very similar and high correlations were found between the FDT and the PFA overall correct scores (r = .79 and r = .77, respectively). The data suggest that the FDT and the PFA measure similar competencies in preschoolers and in adults with psychiatric disorders. This finding is important because it establishes the concurrent validity of the FDT in child and adult populations.     

A Logic is Referential iff it is Selfextensional

The title of this paper is a theorem, which I am going to state and prove. The theorem extends from prepositional to predicate languages the result I presented in [5].