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Breittmayer JP Bungener M De The H Eschwege E Fougereau M Guedj G Kordon C Philippe O Postel-Vinay MC Schaffar-Esterle L;French National Medical Health Research Institute 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):41-48
Institutions in France are not yet well prepared to respond to allegations of scientific misconduct. Following a serious allegation
in late 1997. INSERM,* the primary organization for medical and health-related research in France, began to reflect on this
subject, aided by scientists and jurists. The conclusions have resulted in establishing a procedure to be followed in cases
of alleged misconduct, and also in reinforcing the application of good laboratory practices within each laboratory. Guidelines
for authorship practices and scientific assessment must also be considered. Even though each institution must remain responsible
for responding to allegations of scientific misconduct within its doors, INSERM would like to see national, European, and
international co-ordination about the methods of such response.
Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (eng. French National Medical Research Institute) is known as INSERM.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
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The nature of scientific societies’ relationships with their members limits their ability to promote research integrity. They
must therefore leverage their strengths as professional organizations to integrate ethical considerations into their ongoing
support of their academic disciplines. This paper suggests five strategies for doing so. 相似文献
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In response to a series of allegations of scientific misconduct in the 1980’s, a number of scientific societies, national
agencies, and academic institutions, including Harvard Medical School, devised guidelines to increase awareness of optimal
scientific practices and to attempt to prevent as many episodes of misconduct as possible. The chief argument for adopting
guidelines is to promote good science. There is no evidence that well-crafted guidelines have had any detrimental effect on
creativity since they focus on design of research studies, documentation of research findings, assignment of credit through
authorship, data management and supervision of trainees, not on the origin and evolution of ideas. This paper addresses a
spectrum of causes of scientific misconduct or unacceptable scientific behavior and couples these with estimates of the potential
for prevention if guidelines for scientific investigation are adopted. The conclusion is that clear and understandable guidelines
should help to reduce the chance that flawed research will escape from our institutions. However, they cannot be relied upon
alone to prevent all instances of scientific misconduct and should be regarded rather as one means of bolstering the integrity
of the entire scientific enterprise. 相似文献
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Mishkin B 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):283-292
Substantial progress in handling scientific misconduct cases has been made since the first cases were investigated by the
NIH Office of Scientific Integrity in 1989. The successor Office of Research Integrity (ORI) has simultaneously reduced the
backlog of cases and increased the professionalism with which they are handled. However, a spate of lawsuits against universities,
particularly those brought under the federal False Claims Act, threatens to undermine the ORI by encouraging use of the courts
as an alternate route for resolving claims of research misconduct. Next steps should include establishing a government-wide
definition of scientific misconduct, providing immunity from lawsuits for institutions that follow proper procedures in investigating
charges of scientific misconduct, and participating in the development of international guidelines for maintaining scientific
integrity.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at the symposium entitled “Misconduct in Science: A Decade of Progress or Merely
Years of Controversy” held during the Annual Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, 13 February, 1998. 相似文献
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Rhoades LJ 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):95-107
This paper discusses ten lessons learned since 1989 about handling allegations of scientific misconduct involving biomedical
and behavioral research supported by the U. S. Public Health Service.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998.
The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Office of Research
Integrity, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, or any other federal agency. 相似文献
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Beyond impressionistic observations, little is known about the role and influence of scientific societies on research conduct.
Acknowledging that the influence of scientific societies is not easily disentangled from other factors that shape norms and
practices, this article addresses how best to study the promotion of research integrity generally as well as the role and
impact of scientific societies as part of that process. In setting forth the parameters of a research agenda, the article
addresses four issues: (1) how to conceptualize research on scientific societies and research integrity; (2) challenges and
complexities in undertaking basic research; (3) strategies for undertaking basic research that is attentive to individual,
situational, organizational, and environmental levels of analysis; and (4) the need for evaluation research as integral to
programmatic change and to assessment of the impact of activities by scientific societies.
This topic was initially discussed at the AAAS-Office of Research Integrity (ORI) meeting in Washington DC on the theme: “The
Role and Activities of Scientific Societies in Promoting Research Integrity” held on April 10–11, 2000.
Joyce Miller Iutcovich, PhD, is President of the Keystone University Research Corporation. 相似文献
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Ethical issues in biomedical research: Perceptions and practices of postdoctoral research fellows responding to a survey 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We surveyed 1005 postdoctoral fellows by questionnaire about ethical matters related to biomedical research and publishing;
33% responded. About 18% of respondents said they had taken a course in research ethics, and about 31% said they had had a
course that devoted some time to research ethics. A substantial majority stated willingness to grant other investigators,
except competitors, access to their data before publication and to share research materials. Respondents’ opinions about contributions
justifying authorship of research papers were mainly consistent but at variance with those of many biomedical journal editors.
More than half said they had observed what they considered unethical research practices. To increase the chances of getting
a grant funded, 27% said they were willing to select or omit data to improve their results; to make publication of their work
more likely or to benefit their career, 15% would select or omit data and 32% would list an undeserving author. Of respondents
who thought they had been unfairly denied authorship on a paper, or been listed with or asked to list an undeserving author,
75% said they would be willing to list an undeserving author (P<0.001). Having taken a course dealing with research ethics
had no effect on stated willingness to select or omit data or to fabricate data in the future, but was positively associated
with willingness to grant undeserved authorship (P<0.04). Although these results do not controvert research demonstrating
the effectiveness of ethics courses during professional education, they indicate that the research environment is a powerful
component of a trainee’s experience and ethical development.
Preliminary results of this work were presented in part as a poster at the forumEthics, Values, and the Promise of Science, presented by Sigma Xi, The Scientific Research Society, 25–26 February 1993 in San Francisco, California, USA. 相似文献
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This article describes the unauthorized uses of a coauthored work and a copyrighted U.S. dissertation by European scientists. The case involves alleged infringements of copyright and plagiarism in 6 works that were published up to 19 years after completion of the dissertation and up to 11 years after publication of the coauthored work. Relevant copyright laws, international copyright agreements, and professional psychology ethics and definitions of scientific misconduct are presented. Graduate students and professionals are advised to protect themselves from copyright infringement and recognize that the responsibility for detecting and correcting misappropriated work usually lies with them, not journal editors. 相似文献
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Interventions that are designed to stem plagiarism do not always override the motivation of individuals to cheat and, therefore, may not diminish misconduct. To inform more effective approaches, we conducted a systematic review to clarify the psychological causes of plagiarism. This review of 83 empirical papers showed that a specific blend of circumstances may foster plagiarism: an emphasis on competition and success rather than development and cooperation coupled with impaired resilience, limited confidence, impulsive tendencies, and biased cognitions. Fortunately, whenever students feel their life and studies align to their future aspirations, many of these circumstances tend to dissipate. 相似文献
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Tolloczko T 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):63-70
The health care system in Poland is undergoing major change and it is possible that these changes could affect clinical research.
Therefore, the situation of funding of health care is important for the future of medical research in this country. Some questions
relevant in this field will be addressed. Since funds for health care and scientific research remain inadequate, their allocation
raises moral, economic, legal and organisational dilemmas. The clinical aspects of resource allocation also include physicians’
responsibilities towards their patients. Scientific research, clinical medicine, and clinical research have a common denominator:
they rely on trust. The physician should be a fiduciary of the patient as well as being a researcher for the benefit of the
patient and for society. Some physicians and researchers, despite unethical conduct, escape disclosure and punishment, but
decision-makers who wrongly allocate funds for health care and research are never held accountable for their actions.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
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以国家卫健委发布的310个医学科研失信案件为研究对象,运用NVivo软件工具对案例文本质性数据量化分析和定性分析发现:“编造研究过程,伪造、篡改研究数据、图表等”行为案件占样本总数的58.1%,是当前极为突出的医学科研失信现象;存在两种及以上类型科研失信行为的101例案件中,89.1%是“违反论文署名及论文发表规范”与其他类型科研失信行为共现于同一学术成果;涉及两个及以上组织机构的案件占样本总数的23.5%。提出制定医学科研活动图片和数据使用行为准则、研发多模态医学科研诚信检测系统、健全医学科学数据管理技术平台等建议。
相似文献15.
Hansson MG 《Science and engineering ethics》2000,6(1):79-90
It is not contoversial to state that acts of fraud do not belong in the academic world. What is debated is the best way to
minimise the risk of fraudulent behaviour. Broadly speaking there are two different approaches to this problem. They differ
with regard to whether the main focus is on internal or external control. In this article I argue that the main emphasis should be on internal structures in order to achieve the desired
end. Only when the internal structures are in place is it meaningful to adopt external, supportive means to the same end.
Invitation to the academic project as such, education and training in research ethics and good research practice, the implementation
of good documentation procedures and the implementation of a procedure for investigation of suspicions of fraud which is characterised
by efficiency, impartiality and competence are the four primary ingredients in the cure. The first three are suggested to
build up the necessary foundation before a structure of investigation procedures are established.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a symposium, Scientific Misconduct: An International Perspective, organised by The Medical University of Warsaw, 16 November, 1998. 相似文献
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In recent years, programs for training in research ethics have become widespread, but very little has been done to assess
the effectiveness of this training. Because initial studies have failed to demonstrate a positive impact of research ethics
training, this project defined two new outcome variables to be tested in a sample of graduate students at the University of
California, San Diego. Trainees were surveyed to assess the role of ethics training in altering their perceptions about their
own standards, or their knowledge of options available to them if faced with ethical problems that might arise in conducting
and reporting research. In response to a mailing of 505 anonymous questionnaires, 283 replies were received. Similar to previous
studies, perceptions of standards were not significantly affected by hours spent in informal discussions about research ethics,
in attending courses on research ethics, or in discussions of case studies. However, self-reported knowledge of options for
facing research ethics problems was significantly increased in association with increased hours of discussion, class time,
or case study discussion. Taken together, this study emphasizes the need for increased attention to the definition and assessment
of the goals of research ethics training. 相似文献
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Development of international guidelines for research ethics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Kaiser M 《Science and engineering ethics》1999,5(2):293-298
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Clara Calia Corinne Reid Cristóbal Guerra Abdul-Gafar Oshodi Charles Marley Action Amos 《Ethics & behavior》2021,31(1):60-75
ABSTRACTCOVID-19 is compromising all aspects of society, with devastating impacts on health, political, social, economic and educational spheres. A premium is being placed on scientific research as the source of possible solutions, with a situational imperative to carry out investigations at an accelerated rate. There is a major challenge not to neglect ethical standards, in a context where doing so may mean the difference between life and death. In this paper we offer a rubric for considering the ethical challenges in COVID-19 related research, in the form of an ethics toolkit for global research developed at the University of Edinburgh in collaboration with more than 200 global researchers from around the world. This toolkit provides a framework to support confrontation of ethical conflicts through the integrated and iterative analysis of Place, People, Principles and Precedents, throughout the research journey. Two case analyses are offered to exemplify the utility of the toolkit as a flexible and dynamic tool to promote ethical research in the context of COVID-19. 相似文献
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Priscila Rubbo Caroline Lievore Helmann Celso Bilynkievycz dos Santos Luiz Alberto Pilatti 《Ethics & behavior》2019,29(2):141-155
This study assesses the retractions of scientific articles in engineering journals indexed on the Web of Science from 1945 to 2015. The data set was built based on documents containing the keywords retracted, retraction, withdrawal, or redress. We used database exploration techniques, including Structured Query Language and analysis of variance, for data analysis. We analyzed 238 retractions published by 117 journals. The most common reason for retraction was unethical research, and higher impact factors journals tended to publish more retractions. In conclusion, most of the analyzed retractions were the result of unethical research and were retracted by editors. 相似文献
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Bouville M 《Science and engineering ethics》2008,14(3):311-322
Plagiarism is a crime against academy. It deceives readers, hurts plagiarized authors, and gets the plagiarist undeserved benefits. However, even though these arguments do show that copying other people's intellectual contribution is wrong, they do not apply to the copying of words. Copying a few sentences that contain no original idea (e.g. in the introduction) is of marginal importance compared to stealing the ideas of others. The two must be clearly distinguished, and the 'plagiarism' label should not be used for deeds which are very different in nature and importance. 相似文献