《论语》与易学

《论语》是考证孔子与《周易》关系的第一手材料。其包含的易学思想主要有(一)天道观,认为时空是无限的,天地运行自有规律性;(二)中和思想,认为日常生活和政治生活都要持中,不能过头;(三)刚柔之说．认为刚柔是万物无不具有的内在因索,主张刚贵柔贱。     

直爽:《论语》中的"直"

现代《论语》译本对"直"的译法并不一致,以钱穆、杨伯峻、李泽厚的译本为例,大致游移于"直爽"与"正直"之间。根据《说文解字》"直"的意义为无所隐匿,可以确定"直"的基本义为直爽。由此出发,对《论语》中所有章中的"直"进行疏理发现,"直爽"义可以综贯全《论语》,没有必要引入含有强现代社会正义色彩的"正直"义。特别是根据直爽义对"亲亲互隐"章中的"直"进行解释,对于儒家伦理与社会正义间的紧张将呈现另一景象。     

《论语》:一种可能的情感解读

在面对三代经礼文化日益衰颓的社会情势时,孔子开始向人之内在情感领域发掘道德实践的理据。这种发掘,一方面使他实现了对传统礼乐的改造,一方面则凿通了经由内在真实情感的抉发而走向儒家性情论伦理思想的义理道路。这种人本主义的情感关怀和情感诉求,渗透于孔子诠释道德要目与道德行为、论《诗》、论乐的诸多言论之中。因此,可以毫不夸张地说,《论语》是一部未言“情”字(“情感”义)而又处处关“情”的著作。     

汉晋《论语》注的援《易》解经特色

在《论语》注释史上,援引《易》之经传以注解《论语》,是汉晋时期《论语》注释的突出特色。本文比较全面、系统地考察了这一时期援《易》注经的必要性、可能性、分类及其各自特征,并通过考察援《易》解《论语》中的孔子形象进一步加以补证。深人探讨汉晋《论语》注中的援《易》注经及其所彰显的时代风貌,并从中管窥孔子形象及其流变,既能显微出两汉经学与魏晋玄学的学术传承及其转向,更可对后者的中心问题——圣人观及其玄学家所发挥之玄学新义有新的认识。     

《论语》文体形式的文化阐释

《论语》是以“语”体和“子曰”等形式记录孔子的言论,建构孔子的话语权威和思想价值体系的。“子曰”形式最宜于孔子独自式地直接阐发自己的思想,“问——子曰”形式由于受到孔子“礼”和“仁”的规范,导致与孔子对话的真正主体缺席,而成为孔子建构自己话语权威的有效言说方式。孔子重视“言”的作用,但反对“巧言”。孔子不期望论辩,面对论辩他往往先预设道德判断,然后否定欲辩者,从而最终否定论辩本身。对孔子来说,“巧言”和“沦辩”会使自己的话语权威和思想价值体系面临被解构的威胁。     

原始儒家德性政治思想的遮蔽与重光——《缁衣》郭店本、上博本与传世本斠论

By analyzing the author of Ziyi 缁衣 (Black Costumes) as well as Ziyi’s transmission and evolution by studying and analyzing the ancient text, one can see that Ziyi was a work of Zisi or the Zisi and Mencius School. Comparing the similarities and differences between the transmitted version of Ziyi and its Guodian 郭店 and Shangbo 上博 versions, one finds that the original version of Ziyi had been significantly revised by Confucian classics teachers in the unstable political and social climate during the Western Han Dynasty, specifically, the thought of moral politics of the original Confucians contained in the work was garbled and concealed, and the idea of law and the legal system was highlighted accordingly. The uncovered Guodian and Shangbo versions of Ziyi have removed the shroud that Confucians in the Han Dynasty had spread over it for 2, 000 years, revealing the thought of moral politics of the original Confucians. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Kongzi Yanjiu 孔子研究 (Confucius Studies), 2007, (1): 30–41     

《论语》的“慎言”意识及其文体意义

＂慎言＂是孔子言说的重要原则,《论语》＂慎言＂意识的产生与＂言＂的神圣性、权威性,＂述而不作＂的文化理念及君子文化传统密切相关。＂慎言＂意识决定着《论语》的言说方式,体现在文体形式上必然有其独特性,并对后世文体产生了深远影响,它在某种程度上塑造了古代文体的形式规范和古代文学的风貌。     

孔子与亚里士多德的朋友观之比较

Before and during the times of Confucius and Aristotle, the concept of friendship had very different implications. This paper compares Confucius’ with Aristotle’s thoughts on friendship from two perspectives: xin 信 (fidelity, faithfulness) and le 乐 (joy). The Analects emphasizes the xin as the basis of friendship. Aristotle holds that there are three kinds of friends and corresponding to them are three types of friendship. In the friendship for the sake of pleasure, there is no xin; in the legal form of friendship for the sake of utility, xin is guaranteed by law; and in the moral form of friendship for the sake of utility, xin is guaranteed by morality; in the friendship for the sake of virtue, xin is an indispensable part. Both thinkers believe friends can bring joy to human life. According to Confucius, it is the joy of rendao 仁道 (benevolence), whereas for Aristotle, it is the joy of Reason. There are many commonalities and differences between the two. The commonalities reveal some inner links between Confucian rendao and Aristotelian Reason. It seems that the differences between rendao and Reason are the differences between moral reason and logical reason. The comparative study is helpful for us to understand the two masters’ ethics, politics and philosophy. Translated from Lunlixue Yanjiu 伦理学研究 (Research in Ethics), 2006, (1): 47–52     

Gender sceptics and feminist politics

Some feminist gender sceptics hold that the conditions for satisfying the concept woman cannot be discerned. This has been taken to suggest that (i) the efforts to fix feminism’s scope are undermined because of confusion about the extension of the term ‘woman’, and (ii) this confusion suggests that feminism cannot be organised around women because it is unclear who satisfies woman. Further, this supposedly threatens the effectiveness of feminist politics: feminist goals are said to become unachievable, if feminist politics lacks a clear subject matter. In this paper, I argue that such serious consequences do not follow from the gender sceptic position. I presented an earlier version of this paper at the ‘Stirling Political Philosophy Group’ meeting and am grateful to those present for their constructive criticisms. I am also grateful to Alan Millar, the anonymous referees for this journal and Jenny Saul (who has read more than one version of this paper!) for their detailed and extremely helpful comments and suggestions.     

《论语》篇序传

读诵和研究《论语》的人通常认为《论语》每一篇的篇名是随机截取的,各篇之间没有内在逻辑联系,每一篇中的各章也是随意罗列的。作者通过多年的研究发现:每一篇的篇名其实是精心挑选的,它形象地表达出该篇的主题;各篇之间存在着严密的因果逻辑联系;每一篇中的各章都是围绕主题而采撷编排的。一言以蔽之,《论语》乃编撰者精心构划之作。     

解析《论语》的核心理念:仁

孔学的宗旨和核心理念是"仁"。把"仁"界定为人之为人的类本质,奠定了儒家道德人学的基本路向。仁者爱人,克己复礼,孝悌为本,为仁由己,构成"仁"的四重内涵。"仁"统摄"恭、宽、信、敏、惠"诸德及孔子的德治理想。     

关于定州汉墓竹简《论语》的几个问题

1973年定州汉墓出土竹简《论语》是现今所见最早的《论语》抄本,通过统计对照简文避讳用字,我们认为定州汉墓竹简《论语》当属汉高祖刘邦时期抄本。因为《古论》是汉武帝时期才出现,而《鲁论》与《齐论》的产生年代又晚于《古论》,所以竹简《论语》已经超出了传统已知汉代三论的范围,属汉初今文隶书《论语》。     

Defense mechanisms and morality: a link between isolation and moralization

The relationship between morality and perceptual defense mechanisms was studied. Three new scales were constructed to measure different aspects of morality: moralism (the tendency to evaluate everything in terms of right and wrong), conscience (strength of feelings of right and wrong) and reparation (inclination to repair the damage one has caused). Perceptual defense mechanisms were measured with Kragh's Defense Mechanism Test (DMT). Three hypotheses about relationships between morality and defense mechanisms, derived from psychoanalytical literature, were tested on 54 male University students. Results show positive correlations between the defense mechanism isolation of affect and moralism, and between identification with the aggressor and reparation. Total amount of perceptual defense correlated positively with moralism. It is argued that the psychological study of morality should take unconscious processes into consideration.     

Common morality: comment on Beauchamp and Childress

The notion of common morality plays a prominent role in some of the most influential theories of biomedical ethics. Here, I focus on Beauchamp and Childress’s models in the fourth and fifth edition of Principles of Biomedical Ethics as well as on a revision that Beauchamp proposed in a recent article. Although there are significant differences in these works that require separate analysis, all include a role for common morality as starting point and normative framework for theory construction in combination with a coherence theory of moral justification. I defend to some extent the existence and empirical significance of common morality, as delineated by Beauchamp and Childress in different versions, but criticize its normative role. It is neither convincing as a moral foundation nor well compatible with a standard coherentist justification. I suggest that the authors should give up the foundational account for a more modest account of common morality as resource of well-established moral insights and experiences, which have proved generally valid but neither sufficient nor infallible. Beauchamp’s latest proposal appears as a step in this direction; indeed, it may be the beginning of the end of his common-morality theory.

《论语》与《孔子诗论》的学术联系与区别

《孔子诗论》的诗学思想与《论语》既有联系又有区别。《孔子诗论》吸纳了《论语》诗乐教化和兴观群怨等学术观点。但在学《诗》目的上,它不像《论语》那样重视出使应对;在说《诗》方法上,它不像《论语》那样断章取义,而是直探诗旨本身;在对人性的看法上,它不像孔子不谈性,而是以子思学派的性情理论说《诗》。惟其学孔而不泥于孔,《孔子诗论》才能取得诗歌理论的巨大成就。     

孔子晚年心志蠡测--并为《莫春篇》作一新解

孔子晚年的心志如何,的确多费猜疑。作者发现其中最主要的关键在于如何对当今留下的史料作恰当的选取与解读而已。本文以《论语》为基准,通过《易传》与《春秋》来了解孔子晚年的思想。对《论语》里自古以来号称难解的《莫春篇》作出新的了解,显豁孔子晚年密契天道的意境,指出这正是孔子志存拨乱,推阐易道,作《春秋》运诸三世之苦心。后世实在不宜再忽视或过度怀疑《孟子·滕文公下》、《史记·孔子世家》及新近出土帛书《易传·要篇》等史料具有呈显孔子晚年思想实况的价值性.     

"谦"的德性传统及其当代命运

The virtue of qian, one of the traditional Chinese virtues, usually refers to humbleness, humility and modesty. Ancient thinkers in China not only expounded on the meaning and basis of qian, but also argued for its value. It was usually thought that the value of qian rested in its ability to cultivate virtue, promote scholarship, get along with people, and maintain enterprises. Ancient thinkers in China placed so much emphasis on the virtue of qian that there was a tendency to overemphasize qian. There is also a tradition of qian in the West, which is less likely to become excessive compared to that in the East. Presently, Chinese society is transitioning into a modern society, but the virtue of qian still has value. While continuing to embrace its traditional essence, we should adopt useful aspects from the Western concept of qian to reshape the virtue of qian so that it conforms to modern Chinese society. Translated by Huang Deyuan from Daode Yu Wenming 뗀뗂폫컄쏷 (Morality and Civilization), 2007, (3): 18–24     

Science and politics: Dangerous liaisons

In contrast to the opinion of numerous authors (e.g. R. Rudner, P. Kitcher, L. R. Graham, M. Dummett, N. Chomsky, R. Lewontin, etc.) it is argued here that the formation of opinion in science should be greatly insulated from political considerations. Special attention is devoted to the view that methodological standards for evaluation of scientific theories ought to vary according to the envisaged political uses of these theories.I wish to thank the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for having supported the work on this paper.     

Reflections on the varieties of hypnotizables: A commentary on Terhune and Cardeña

This commentary reflects on the varieties of high hypnotizable subjects suggested in the works by Barber, Barrett, Pekala and colleagues, and Terhune and Cardeña (2010). These different studies point to the existence of different types of low, medium, and high hypnotizable subjects. However, types of high hypnotizables have received the most attention. Two main concerns are raised in this commentary: (a) drawing parallels between the suggested typologies is not without problems given methodological differences among different studies, and (b) the low base rates of these special types is likely not to appeal to a typical clinician, already resistant to testing for hypnotizability, to conduct initial assessments so as to tailor suggestion to fit specific typologies.     

Legal realisms: on law and politics

The focus of this work is the issue of whether, and to what extent, the nature of the law is affected by politics, has been taken up by the American and Scandinavian legal realists. By the very fact of their being products of␣the socio-political conditions of the most recent century, the American and Scandinavian legal realisms are the movements that have most explicitly and systematically brought to the surface one particular characteristic phenomenon of contemporary Western legal systems: the existence of two basic forces simultaneously attracting and repelling, affecting the law in its relations with the political world.I would like to deeply thank Brian Bix, Laura Carlson, Roger Cotterrell and Jori Munukka for their many helpful comments on earlier drafts of this article. Any errors remaining are my own.