传统神灵信仰在当代的变迁与适应——以福建闽清金沙堂张圣君信仰为例

本文通过对福建闽清金沙堂张圣君信仰的个案考察,探讨在当前农村城镇化快速发展的大背景下,传统的民间信仰是如何做出积极的自我调整和主动适应,指出张圣君信仰作为传统农业神在当代的复兴除了国家政治大背景的宽松之外,其悠久的历史传承和行为惯性、地方化的阐述和期望、与时俱进的信仰民俗,管理人员注重信仰联谊、文化层次的提升并积极参与地方的现代化进程,是传统农业神在当今成功转型和复兴的主要因素.     

明清时期湖南沅水流域的黑神信仰——兼与贵州黑神信仰比较

明清时期西南苗疆走廊的黑神是源自中原文化的民间神灵,贵州和湖南沅水流域是黑神信仰流播的典型地区。本文以历史人类学的理论方法考察沅水流域的黑神信仰,认为明清时期沅水流域兴建的黑神庙是国家权力的象征,而沅水流域民间的黑神传说是对中原黑神历史的重新建构。通过沅水流域黑神庙及黑神传说的考察,揭示黑神信仰对沅水流域族群的整合及地方社会的影响。指出黑神信仰在沅水流域的传播是国家力量的推动,更是中华民族多元一体格局影响所致。     

戏神田公元帅信仰的道教渊源与仪式特色

田公元帅是闽台两岸著名的戏神、道坛神和村落保护神,其多元信仰文化的形成过程,生动地体现了文化累层叠加的理论。历史文献与田野作业均显示了田公元帅信仰的道教渊源。在宋元新出道法盛行的背景下,田公(太尉)信仰形成了一个主事"和合"的风火院神明系统;在民间道教闾山派的影响下,该信仰发展出了一套用来"降神附体"符箓和咒语,甚至形成了富有特色的、以傀儡行法事的"闾山梨园教"。明代田公(太尉)信仰与民间傀儡戏戏神田智彪信仰产生复合,这使得田公增加了戏神的神格功能,而唐代乐手雷海清信仰在明清戏剧异常繁荣之际的"加盟"则大大稳固了田公的戏神地位。作为戏剧行业神,其神格功能也对道教田公元帅信仰产生了反作用,使得其咒语带有"啰哩嗹"的和声,其仪式呈现出浓厚的戏剧性色彩。戏神田公元帅信仰的解构精彩展示了历史上道教与戏剧之间的深度互动。     

城隍神及其信仰

城隍神是中国民间颇有影响的城市保护神。本文根据史藉文集、笔记小说、道教经典的有关记载,对城隍神信仰的由来,城隍神的职掌、城隍神信仰与民俗,城隍神信仰与道教诸问题进行了较为详细的考述。还对城隍神信仰的变迁,进行了有益的探讨和实证研究。     

从豚猴之辩探索万物之源——造物主

天主教徒信仰宇宙间有一个神,他是造天地、造神人、造万物的大主宰。 那么,这一创造万物的神是什么呢? 神是超人的灵体,神是自有者,是无始无终的永存者。说神是超人灵体,因为神是非物质的,是不受时空限制的,是人的肉眼看不见,五官感触不着的东西;说神是自有     

晚唐至宋福建地区的造神高潮

从晚唐到宋代,福建地区出现一个造神高潮。这一时期是福建民间信仰的整合时期,造神高潮是整合过程的必然趋势。而晚唐至宋代封建统治者的佞佛、崇道、信巫,对地方造神活动则起了推波助澜的作用。同时,这一高潮的出现还与当时福建的自然地理条件及社会经济活动有着密切...     

论寺庙与民俗的形成——以四川遂宁广德寺与本地观音信仰为例

佛教寺庙既是宗教信仰的载体,也为大众提供展开活动的公共空间。在中国的寺庙中,不乏接引信众、传播知识、大众娱乐、商务买卖等活动。某些寺院由于其特殊的影响力,不仅为一个地域群众提供信仰活动的公共空间,同时还很有可能会带动此地形成某些新的民俗。通过对四川遂宁广德寺及当地观音信仰的考察可发现,寺庙与民俗之间,彼此都在共同成长,寺庙借助民俗活动,为其生存和发展提供足够的资本,而民俗也视寺庙为其存在下去的精神家园,在文化环境与社会经济都相对稳定的情况下,这两者往往会平稳地延续下去,成为社会生活中非常富有世俗味道的信仰形态。     

河南民间美术作品中的图腾文化

民俗是一种特殊的社会文化现象,在中国民俗观念中,万物有灵的观念是各种信仰的基础。信仰与民俗是民间美术的发展核心与载体。民间美术依附于民俗文化,信仰是民俗形成的主导,民间美术也正是信仰习俗的产物。     

论儒学对民间神明信仰的影响——以闽台民间神明信仰为例

儒家通过人的神化和神的道德化两个方面的造神运动实现了对民间神格塑造的影响。在鬼神信仰上的宗教伦理理性的价值取向是儒学对民间信仰产生影响的思想渊源,国家机器的神道设教和知识分子推动是这一影响的现实途径。     

台湾道教一瞥

进入台湾地区以后,从北部的台北,到南部的高雄,随处可见规模不等、造形各异的寺庙或宫观。其数量之多,香火之盛,实属大陆内地罕见,给人留下极深的印象。可以说,台湾是一个多种宗教并存、民众信仰笃诚的地区。在宗教信仰多元化的格局中,道教作为中国本土生长的宗教,它在该地区的民众生活中发挥着特殊作用。一、道教对台湾民众生活的影响道教属于多神信仰,在其开发的和复杂的神真体系中,不仅包括为数众多的神灵与仙真,而且也包括与民众生活关系密切的民俗神以及著名历史人物。台湾地区的道教神灵信仰主要来源于福建、广东等地的民间信仰,例如,…     

儿童Graves'病研究进展

Grave's病(GD)是导致儿童甲亢最常见的病因,其易感性80%决定于基因因素.ATD治疗是最常推荐的初始治疗手段,但长期缓解率仅为30%.ATD诱导儿童GD缓解的合适用药时间尚不明确.最佳治疗方式(ATD、RAI或手术)的选择还存在重大争议.药物治疗复发的预测非常重要,最近建立了一种复发风险评分,通过种族、年龄、诊断时FT4、TRAb水平、ATD预期治疗持续时间将GD儿童分成低中高三类风险人群,对其复发风险作出评估,对于确定GD儿童在初始治疗时选择何种方案更为适合意义重大.     

自伤青少年的冲动性

以自我报告、行为学和脑电为指标, 检验自伤青少年的冲动性。研究1, 对820名普通中学生和72名工读生进行问卷调查, 探讨自伤行为与情绪调节困难、冲动性的关系。结果表明, 冲动性能够预测自伤行为, 且预测效应量大于情绪调节困难。研究2, 采用Go/Nogo范式的ERPs实验, 检验自伤组与对照组冲动控制的行为学与脑电差异。结果表明, 自伤组Nogo正确反应的N2波幅显著高于对照组, N2潜伏期在部分电极点处高于对照组。脑电地形图显示两者的脑电差异主要体现在前额叶区。结论：自伤青少年的冲动性高于同龄普通青少年。     

Certification in Testing in Canada

This article presents a brief outline of a program developed by the Canada Employment and Immigration Commission (CEIC) for certifying employment counselors to use tests in Canada Employment Centres (CECs).     

Occupational Stress in Workers and Managers in Steelworks in China

Occupational stressors and strains of 121 Chinese steelwork employees and 122 managers were measured using the Chinese version of the Occupational Stress Indicator (OSI). It was found that factors intrinsic to the job, Type A behavior, logic, and organizational structure and climate were the main predictors of mental ill-health and physical ill-health in managers. Organizational structure and climate and relationships with other people were important predictors for workers. Management processes and organizational forces were the strongest predicting factors of job satisfaction in both samples. On certain OSI scales and subscales, managers scored statistically higher than workers. It is proposed that these results reflect the enormous economic and social changes currently taking place in China, together with certain features inherent in Chinese organizational and managerial processes.     

Sex differences in relational aggression in preschool children in Iran

The purpose of this study was to compare scores on a Relational Aggression Questionnaire for preschool boys and girls in Iran. The questionnaire was developed here, and its reliability and validity were assessed. Teachers' reports of relational aggression in 258 children ages 3 to 7 years was studied. Sex differences in relational aggression were not observed and was not significantly different across age groups.     

Evidence for sex differences in brain organization in recovery in aphasia

Ninety-one adult aphasics of both sexes were studied before and after a 3-month period of language therapy. Although no initial sex difference was found in severity of language disorders, females within the global aphasic group showed significantly greater improvement in three tests of language comprehension. It is suggested that more bilateral representation of language functions in the female brain may account for this greater improvement.     

Ethical Issues in Counselling in Education

It is suggested that there are two quite distinct Systems of ethics and practice in use by counsellors in education: the integrated model, which emphasises viewing the counsellor-institution relationship as theprimary ethical perspective; and the differentiated model, which emphasises the counsellor-client relationship as the starting point for an ethical understanding of the counsellor's role. The implications of these two perspectives for ethical issues relating to sources of referrai, issues of confidentiality, accountability for resources, the implications of role diffusion, and the outcomes of counselling, are examined. The ethical consequences of viewing the two Systems as reconcilable or incompatible are explored.