我国医患关系实证研究的现状分析与对策建议

近年来,医疗暴力事件频发,医患关系的研究一直属于热点问题.借鉴循证医学的理念和方法,研究分析1981年1月～2012年6月期间国内医患关系实证研究文献,剖析研究中存在的问题,并介绍了国外相关领域研究的设计与方法,以期为国内同行进一步做好医患关系实证研究提供借鉴和参考.     

江苏城市竞争力的对比评价与提升途径

本文以城市规模、经济水平、开放程度、服务功能、辐射外联、资金丰度、土地丰度、劳动力成本、创新能力、城市化水平、信息化程度、文卫设施、交通便捷度、生态环境为评价因子 ,构建了城市竞争力的评价指标体系 ,运用“多指标综合评定法”将江苏城市和邻近省份城市的竞争力进行了测评 ,针对评估暴露出来的问题 ,提出了提升江苏城市竞争力的具体对策。     

江苏城乡居民收入差距实证分析

为探究江苏城乡居民收入差距的实际水平 ,本文在一般性描述的基础上 ,采用实证分析的方法做了进一步的评估。通过对城乡居民进行数据处理后的收入差距、现金收入差距、财产差距以及区域间差距等多方面的分析 ,本文认为江苏城乡实际收入差距要明显大于名义上的收入差距 ,并提出城乡二元经济结构、城乡收入分配的不公平程度以及外部环境因素是造成城乡收入差距扩大的主要原因     

我国医学人文实证研究的现状分析及启示

采用文献计量学方法探讨我国医学人文实证研究的状况,发现医学人文研究以及医学人文实证研究均相对滞后,对于实证研究方法的认识与运用水平有待提高.对实证研究的概念作出解释并从深层次解析了相关问题,提出应加强对包括实证研究与思辨研究之辩证研究在内的医学人文研究方法的专门研究,以提升医学人文的整体研究水平.     

意识和无意识的关系--实证的视角

意识和无意识的相互关系曾经是纯粹的哲学问题,科学心理学的诞生促进了对这一问题的实证视角考察。实证取向认为,意识和无意识同属人类心理的机能,并能够在外在的任务操作中表现出来。现代认知心理学发现了对应意识机能的外显过程和对应无意识机能的内隐过程,两者相对独立又共生共存。任何认知过程都是意识和无意识共同作用的产物,两者之间存在复杂的相互作用,并表现出权衡的特点。神经生理学的研究揭示了意识和无意识在发生学意义上可能的先后关系。无意识在心理过程中起的作用是普遍的、抽象的、抗干扰的,而意识则建筑在无意识的基础之上,有着更大的变异性。     

军医大学人文教育需求的实证研究

军医大学人文教育需求的实证研究,以第三军医大学2005级7个不同专业的学生为主要对象进行医学人文教育需求问卷调查,初步探讨军医大学学生对开设医学人文课程的心理需求和知识需求.调研中还发现,学生对医学人文科学抱有浓厚兴趣,认为具备良好的医学人文素质是未来医生的核心竞争力.     

军医大学人文教育需求的实证研究

军医大学人文教育需求的实证研究,以第三军医大学2005级7个不同专业的学生为主要对象进行医学人文教育需求问卷调查,初步探讨军医大学学生对开设医学人文课程的心理需求和知识需求。调研中还发现,学生对医学人文科学抱有浓厚兴趣,认为具备良好的医学人文素质是未来医生的核心竞争力。     

企业技术创新影响因素的实证研究

技术创新能力、特别是企业的技术创新能力 ,事关一个国家或地区的国际竞争力。本文首先对目前国际学术界的最新研究成果进行了文献评述 ,继而结合考察企业技术创新的理论性定义与实践经验 ,建立了一个衡量企业技术创能力的指标体系 ,据此对江苏省 13个市的企业技术创新能力进行了综合分析。最后基于苏北欠发达地区淮安市 15 0家规模企业的问卷调查结果 ,进一步分析了影响企业技术创新的因素 ,提出了相应的对策建议     

自我欺骗实证研究述评

自我欺骗的施骗者和受骗者都是自我。这个特殊性导致自我欺骗的定义、类型、研究范式和机制等存在着争议。在系统梳理自我欺骗相关实证研究的基础上,比较了自我欺骗不同的定义和不同的研究范式,提出了两种新的自我欺骗分类方法,探析了自我欺骗的心理机制,以期为后续研究提供借鉴和参考。     

自我欺骗实证研究述评

自我欺骗的施骗者和受骗者都是自我。这个特殊性导致自我欺骗的定义、类型、研究范式和机制等存在着争议。在系统梳理自我欺骗相关实证研究的基础上,比较了自我欺骗不同的定义和不同的研究范式,提出了两种新的自我欺骗分类方法,探析了自我欺骗的心理机制,以期为后续研究提供借鉴和参考。     

Categories of Competition

In the first part of this paper, I argue that philosophers of sport have mistakenly privileged a specific psychology and purpose in their definitions of competition. The result of this mistake has been that philosophers of sport make generalisations about competition as such which in fact only hold for some competitions. In the second and third parts of the paper, I articulate an alternative approach: rather than search for a single psychology and purpose that underlies all competition, I argue that we should begin by acknowledging four distinctly different competitive formats, and only then enquire as to which psychologies and purposes are more or less appropriate to each format. This method allows us to capture the richness and diversity of competition, and helps to ensure that we do not confuse part and whole when defining it.     

Reasons and Promotion

A number of philosophers accept promotionalism, the view that whether there is a normative reason for an agent to perform an action or have an attitude depends on whether her doing so promotes a value, desire, interest, goal, or end. I show that promotionalism faces a prima facie problem when it comes to reasons for belief: it looks extensionally inadequate. I then articulate two general strategies promotionalists can (and have) used to solve this problem and argue that, even if one of these two strategies can successfully solve the problem with reasons for belief, promotionalists face a symmetrical problem in a range of structurally similar cases. As I'll argue, the problem is that promotionalism cannot account for reasons grounded in the ‘fit’ between an attitude and its object. I offer an alternative to promotionalism and explain how adopting this alternative solves the problems with promotionalism while preserving much of what made promotionalism attractive in the first place.     

Simple Probabilistic Promotion

Many believe that normative reasons for action are necessarily connected with the promotion of certain states of affairs: on Humean views, for example, there is a reason for you to do something if and only if it would promote the object of one of your desires. But although promotion is widely invoked in discussions of reasons, its nature is a matter of controversy. I propose a simple account: to promote a state of affairs is to make it more likely to obtain than it previously was. I argue that this view has been unfairly neglected, that it avoids serious problems faced by many other views, and that it is a contender for the correct theory of promotion.     

团体间竞争对儿童社会行为的影响

竞争是人类社会活动的最重要表现形式之一,对个体或者群体的行为产生重要影响。有关竞争对个体行为的影响越来越受到来自各个学科领域研究者的关注。本文系统论述了团体间竞争情境对儿童社会行为(平等行为、利他/利己行为和风险偏好)的影响。文章首先介绍儿童的团体间竞争情境的操纵方法、国际广泛使用的内团体偏好(ingroup bias)的测量方法以及团体间竞争影响儿童的社会行为的相关研究,最后在已有文献的基础上提出未来研究的方向。     

Competition Between Outcomes

In both Pavlovian conditioning and human causal judgment, competition between cues is well known to occur when multiple cues are presented in compound and followed by an outcome. More questionable is the occurrence of competition between outcomes when a single cue is followed by multiple outcomes presented in compound. In the experiment reported here, we demonstrated blocking (a type of stimulus competition) between outcomes. When the cue predicted one outcome, its ability to predict a second outcome that was presented in compound with the first outcome was reduced. The procedure minimized the likelihood that the observed competition between outcomes arose from selective attention. The competition between outcomes that we observed is problematic for contemporary theories of learning.     

真正的竞争

当我们仅仅为了获胜而打击对手时,我们不仅成为糟糕的失败者,还会沦为可鄙的得胜者。这样的竞争会使人的心灵和个性发生扭曲,使其充满着自私、贪婪、骄傲和嫉妒……     

Competition dynamics of second-language listening

Spoken-word recognition in a nonnative language is particularly difficult where it depends on discrimination between confusable phonemes. Four experiments here examine whether this difficulty is in part due to phantom competition from “near-words” in speech. Dutch listeners confuse English /æ/ and /?/, which could lead to the sequence daf being interpreted as deaf, or lemp being interpreted as lamp. In auditory lexical decision, Dutch listeners indeed accepted such near-words as real English words more often than English listeners did. In cross-modal priming, near-words extracted from word or phrase contexts (daf from DAFfodil, lemp from eviL EMPire) induced activation of corresponding real words (deaf; lamp) for Dutch, but again not for English, listeners. Finally, by the end of untruncated carrier words containing embedded words or near-words (definite; daffodil) no activation of the real embedded forms (deaf in definite) remained for English or Dutch listeners, but activation of embedded near-words (deaf in daffodil) did still remain, for Dutch listeners only. Misinterpretation of the initial vowel here favoured the phantom competitor and disfavoured the carrier (lexically represented as containing a different vowel). Thus, near-words compete for recognition and continue competing for longer than actually embedded words; nonnative listening indeed involves phantom competition.