THE THERAPIST'S EXPERIENCE OF PSYCHOTHERAPY: SOME DIMENSIONS AND DETERMINANTS

Eleven dimensions of therapists' experiences during psychotherapy ses- sions were derived, factor analytically, for a sample of 17 therapists. These therapists completed a standard questionnaire after each of 8 or more sessions with 31 female patients. In general, the 11 dimensions reflected various experiences of (a) being helpful towards patients, (b) attempting to deal with difSicult patients, (c) making non-therapeutic responses to patients, and (d) entrapment in personally distressing situations with patients. Personal-social characteristics of patients and therapists were examined as possible determinants of therapist experience. Among other characteristics, patients' employment and marital status, diagnosis and previous treatment, influenced certain therapist experience dimensions-as did therapists' profession, marital status, and personal psychotherapy.     

LANGUAGE AND THE TAO: SOME REFLECTIONS ON INEFFABILITY

Confucius withdrew and told his disciples, "I know a bird can fly; I know a fish can swim; I know animals can run. Creatures that run can be caught in nets; those that swim can be caught in wicker traps; those that fly can be hit by arrows. But the dragon is beyond my knowledge; it ascends into heaven on the clouds and the wind. Today 1 have seen Lao Tzu, and he is like the dragon!"     

VARIABILITY IN COMMON DIMENSIONS OF MANAGERIAL VALUES DUE TO VALUE ORIENTATION AND COUNTRY DIFFERENCES1

This study identifies twelve common dimensions of values of managers in five countries, describes the content of the value dimensions identified, and locates the differences in these value dimensions due to value orientation and country effects and their interaction. Value orientation and country differences account for a substantial portion of the variance in six of the dimensions. The results extend studies of managers' values to underlying dimensions and provide directions for future research on the correlates of value dimensions.     

AN ANALYSIS OF SITUATIONAL DIMENSIONS: A REPLICATION

An analysis of individuals' perceptions of situations was performed and confirmed the main results obtained in an earlier study by Magnusson (1971). Ss gave similarity ratings of situakions from a specific domain. A dimensional analysis and a categorization were mad on data. The method showed good agreement. Stability over time in factor structure was high as well as the agreement between individual structures. The analyses gave a clear and subjectively meaningful structure for both individual data and group data.     

RELATIONS BETWEEN LANGUAGE AND MEMORY:

Abstract— Immediate recall decreases for repeated relative to unrepeated words in rapidly presented spoken lists, a phenomenon known as repetition deafness (RD). The present study examines RD as a test case for a distributed memory account of relations between language and memory. Within the distributed memory framework, general connection-formation processes required for language comprehension influence repetition deficits in sentences. Thus, RD should increase as a function of factors, such as listlike sentence prosody, that disrupt the formation of word-to-phrase links. Also under this account, repetition blindness and RD in sentences should display fundamentally similar characteristics (e.g., relative insensitivtty to low-level sensory differences between the repeated words) Using innovative procedures for computer sound manipulation, the present study obtained data supporting both predictions RD increased for sentences generated with listlike versus normal prosody, but did not differ reliably for acoustically similar versus dissimilar repeated words. Implications of these data for the general issue of relations between language and memory are discussed.     

ERP与语言研究

语言加工是连续的、具有多个分析层次的复杂过程。而新近发展起来的ERP技术具有精确的时间分辨率和多维探测指标,可以对语言进行连续的测量,同时对不同层次的分析有不同的敏感指标。该文着重介绍了与语音层次加工有关的ERP成分N200,与语义加工相关的RP和N400,以及与句法加工有关的LAN和P600,以期为语言领域的ERP研究提供启发和帮助作用。     

A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS OF INTERACTIVE EFFECTS BETWEEN COMMON CLASSROOM CONTINGENCIES AND METHYLPHENIDATE

To assess the drug—behavior interaction effects with an 8-year-old boy with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, common classroom antecedent (e.g., seating arrangement) and consequent (e.g., peer prompts) stimuli were alternated within a school day while drug conditions (methylphenidate vs. placebo) were alternated across days. The results suggested that peer attention maintained disruptive behavior when methylphenidate was absent but not when it was present.     

FORMAL OPERATIONS AND LANGUAGE

Un individu dont le savoir linguistique est très pauvre peut-il atteindre le stade des opérations formelles? Comment les opérations formelles sont-elles liées au langage? Pour répondre à ces questions, on compare la performance d'un échantillon d'adolescents sourds à celle d'adolescents normaux de milieux socio-économiques différents. Dans une tâche de symbolisation logique, on constate de grandes différences: 28% des sujets sourds et 53% des sujets de milieu défavorisé atteignent le stade formel après 5 semaines d'entraînement, alors que 75% des sujets de la classe moyenne atteignent ce résultat après une semaine d'entraînement. Mais pour deux autres types de tâche, les performances sont comparables: dans une tâche de prédiction probabiliste, 45% des adolescents sourds réussissent les opérations formelles et dans une tâche de combinatoire, 76 % réussissent. d'après les données d'ensemble aussi bien que d'après L'étude des cas individuels, on constate que les opérations formelles fonctionnent chez des sujets dont la performance linguistique n'est pas suffisante pour manier les propositions du discours. Les AA. se basent sur ces résultats, ainsi que sur la théorie de Piaget, pour dire qu'un langage social n'est ni une condition nécessaire, ni une condition suffisante du développement opératoire. Des résultats antérieurs, qui sont ici brièvement résumés, montrent que le langage, au mieux, a un effet indirect de facilitation sur les opérations concrètes. Pour certaines opérations formelles, le langage, associé à certains autres facteurs sociaux, peut avoir un effet direct de facilitation; il peut fournir à la fois L'occasion et le support figuratif pour que fonctionnent les opérations formelles.