THE IMPORTANCE OF UNDERSTANDING AND CHANGING EMPLOYEE OUTCOME EXPECTANCIES FOR GAINING COMMITMENT TO AN ORGANIZATIONAL GOAL

Senior management and the union executive committee of a forest products company set an organizational goal to reduce theft from approximately a million dollars a year to zero. Salaried and hourly employees, selected at random, were interviewed regarding their outcome expectancies for honest and dishonest behavior. The responses were categorized within a 2 × 2 empathy box (honest/dishonest behavior vs. positive/negative outcome expectancies) to allow the organization's leadership to understand from the employee's perspective why there was so much theft. This information was subsequently used to alter employee outcome expectancies which, in turn, changed behavior. Theft dropped to near zero.     

FEMINIST APPROACHES TO RELIGION AND TORTURE

Feminists look critically at any infliction of pain on others, usually requiring that it be consensual, and often both consensual and for the benefit of the person afflicted. Most torture of women is not recognized under official definitions of torture because it is not performed by or with the consent of (government) officials. Women are, however, also victims of torture under official definitions as military or civilian prisoners or as members of defeated populations in war, and are more often subjected to sexual torture, which until recently has not been understood either as torture or even a war crime. Rape, especially serial gang rape, it is argued, should be understood as torture, as the essence of torture is the use of severe pain to obscure or obliterate the victim's sense of agency.     

UNDERSTANDING BEHAVIOR IN CONDITIONS OF ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL DEPENDENCY

The complex determinants of individual and group behaviour in ‘developing’ societies present social scientists with a most difficult problem. They must simultaneously employ concepts developed for the analysis of individual behavior and for the comprehension of social structures. With the aim of understanding dependency behavior and personal control in Third World societies, this article outlines a synthesis of principles of social learning theory with critical sociological concepts. The practical implications of this theoretical synthesis are briefly discussed.     

UNDERSTANDING RESPONSE BEHAVIOR TO AN ONLINE SPECIAL TOPICS ORGANIZATIONAL SATISFACTION SURVEY

In this study we sought to better understand response intentions and response behavior to an online special topics university satisfaction survey to not only advance theory but to better inform practice on the meaning and implications of nonresponse to their efforts. Using the Rogelberg, Luong, Sederburg, and Cristol (2000) response behavior model, data collected in this 2-wave field study (394 students, 50% men) supported most of the framework's major assertions, supported our proposed extensions, and resulted in a few unexpected findings. Overall, to understand response behavior to an online special topics organizational survey, one must take into consideration factors related to technology, attitudes toward surveys in general, satisfaction with the specific topic in question, and response intentions.     

对乙肝患者群体认知的矛盾态度:行为与ERP证据

采用GNAT范式并结合事件相关电位（ERP）,考查不同矛盾状态（高矛盾VS低矛盾）被试对特殊群体的态度及其在行为、脑加工机制上的差异。结果表明：（1）个体对于乙肝患者存在矛盾态度;（2）高、低矛盾被试对乙肝患者的态度差异,主要表现在积极维度而非消极维度上。（3）N270的出现及LPC的差异表明,矛盾态度的加工是个体根据背景对预存性评价予以修正的过程。     

ACCESSORIAL AND INCLUSIVE APPROACHES TO MARGINAL PERCEPTUAL PHENOMENA

Since most theories of perception are based on focal data in the phenomenal field, an array of accessorial concepts have to be added in order to account for marginal data. The present paper indicates how both classes of phenomena may be included in the same experimental operation and referred to a unitary, operational model of perception—personality. The core of this model is the assumption that everyday perception is the result of a micro-process which proceeds from stimulus-distal stages to more and more stimulus-proximal ones. The interrelations between this model on the one hand and physiological and genetic frames on the other are also indicated.     

APPROACHES TO SYMBOL AND SYMPTOM IN BODILY SPACE-TIME

The subject signifies in and through his/her body. He/she does it through culturally patterned bodily symbol and symptom. Symptom is evidence of a crack or break in the integral symbolic interweave, i.e., a break in the relationships that simultaneously mediate and differentiate between the subject's body and his/her being in the social, cultural, and natural world. The study of this symbolic interweave requires a multidisciplinary approach. First, approaches to the body considered as product stress the social and the cultural. Second, experience- and subject-related research in Gestalt and psychoanalytic theories and in phenomenology shift the stress to the experience of the body, i.e., to the lived body. Third, divergent semiotic-generative approaches (language-derived nominalistic and hermeneutic investigations, metaphoric-constructivist and praxiological approaches) consider aspects of the body drama, i.e., of the body's creative, signifying and symbolizing capacity seen in its own right. These approaches and their recent interdisciplinary developments hold the key to the elucidation of fundamental aspects of time and space that inform the socio-cultural body symbolism and symptom formation. They also make possible innovative cross-cultural investigations of the ways in which a culture may stimulate its bearers to choose a particular form of somatization, or abreaction.     

A PLAN TO USE PROGRAMMED GROUP EXERCISES TO STUDY CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES IN MANAGEMENT BEHAVIOR

Plan d'utilisation des programmes d'exercices de groupe pour I'étude des différences interculturelles dans le comportement des cadres. — l'A. présente un plan général pour collecter des données interculturelles sur le comportement des cadres, en étudiant comment ils résolvent une série de problèmes administratifs simulés (établir un budget, faire des prévisions, rémunérer les subordonnés, juger les pairs, diriger, communiquer, négocier, etc.). Les coûts de l'étude interculturelle seraient abaissés en incorporant la comparaison dans les programmes de formation pour cadres qui se pratiquent dans divers pays, en coopération avec les équipes des différents centres de formation. Les hypothèses qu'on peut faire à partir des expériences de comportement simulé seraient ultérieurement vérifiées au moyen d'enquêtes basées sur des observations contrôlées des individus dans leur travail réel.     

GENERALIZATION OF VERBAL CONDITIONING TO VERBAL AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR: GROUP THERAPY WITH CHRONIC PSYCHIATRIC PATIENTS1

Twelve chronic hospitalized female patients received token reinforcement contingent on two separate classes of verbalizations: (a) positive statements about optional activities available in the hospital setting, and (b) positive statements about people. Cross-class generalization of reinforced verbal responses about activities to overt behavior was tested by actual participation in activities; within-class generalization of verbal responses about people to verbalizations in another stimulus setting was assessed in a structured interview situation. A multiple baseline design with contingency reversals was employed to demonstrate experimental control of both classes of verbalizations in the group sessions. Positive statements about activities generalized to actual participation in activities, while generalization of positive statements about people to verbalization in the extra-group setting did not occur.     

SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS APPROACHES TO MORALITY: AN ALTERNATIVE TO MUTUAL ANATHEMAS

Abstract Many people today believe that scientific and religious approaches to morality are mutually incompatible. Militant secularists claim scientific backing for their claim that the evolution of morality discredits religious conceptions of ethics. Some of their opponents respond with unhelpful apologetics based on fundamentalist views of revelation. This article attempts to provide an alternative option. It argues that public discussion has been excessively influenced by polemics generated by the new atheists. Religious writers have too often resorted to overly simplistic arguments rooted in literalist approaches to the Bible and the religious traditions. More historically conscious methods can avoid implausible claims about both religion and science.     

RAINFOREST EMPIRICISM AND QUASI'-RATIONALITY: TWO APPROACHES TO OBJECTIVE BIODATA

Two approaches to objective biodata, designed to achieve the interpretability and stability of rational approaches, yet minimize socially desirable responding, were explored. The first was a quasi-rational attempt to derive biodata analogs to an existing temperament measure, and then use them as rational scales. The second was a theory-based variant of criterion-referenced keying, termed rainforest empiricism. Both were utilized with two consecutive classes of U.S. Military Academy cadets ( n = 2,565) to predict leadership performance over four rating periods. The biodata analogs to the temperament measure added incremental validity over the Academy's current admissions package and had significantly smaller correlations with a social desirability scale than their equivalent temperament scales. Scales developed with the rainforest approach had higher incremental validities and lower social desirability. Both methods demonstrated satisfactory stability upon cross-validation, and provided complementary interpretability. Advantages to each approach, and the implications for their use, are discussed.     

UNDERSTANDING AND RESPONDING TO HUMAN EVIL: A MULTICAUSAL APPROACH

One task of religion is delivering human beings from evil within and between themselves. Defining good as well‐being or functioning well, evil as impaired functioning, and doing evil as impairing the functioning of others, this essay explores how religions in consort with other social institutions might understand and respond to evil in light of contemporary scientific knowledge. To understand evil I use a multicausal approach that includes both biological and sociocultural environmental causes. I illustrate the use of this approach by analyzing how we might understand and respond to human rage and violence.     

PEIRCEAN APPROACHES TO EMERGENT SYSTEMS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE AND RELIGION

Cognitive science and religion provides perspectives on human cognition and spirituality. Emergent systems theory captures the subatomic, physical, biological, psychological, cultural, and transcendent relationships that constitute the human person. C. S. Peirce's metaphysical categories and existential graphs enrich traditional cognitive science modeling tools to capture emergent phenomena. From this richer perspective, one can reinterpret the traditional doctrine of soul as form of the body in terms of information as the constellation of constitutive relationships that enables real possibility.