Bicycling under the influence of alcohol

ObjectiveAccording to international data estimates the proportion bicyclists with a positive Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) who are involved in accidents ranges from 15% to 57%. This large variance, and the fact that the reliance on accident statistics means that only the BAC of injured bicyclists is being collected, shows that we do not really know what the average and variation in BAC of bicyclists is, particularly on nights out.MethodOn a total of four nights between 5 PM and 8 AM BAC levels of bicyclists were collected with a Breathalyser (N = 687). Samples were collected in two Dutch cities, one with a high (Groningen), and one with a modest, student population (The Hague).ResultsThe results showed that the percentage of bicyclists who had alcohol in their blood rose over the night from 7.7% at 6 PM to over 89% after 1 AM. Furthermore, the percentage of bicyclists with an illegal BAC above 0.5 g/l rose from zero percent at 6 PM to 68% at 1 AM. The average BAC of bicyclists with a BAC above zero was 0.79 g/l. Differences between the two cities were limited.ConclusionCycling with illegal levels of blood alcohol turns out to be very common on nights out in the Netherlands.     

The Disgust Scale-R: A valid and reliable index to investigate separate disgust domains?

The Disgust Scale (DS; Haidt, McCauley, & Rozin, 1994) is the most widely used instrument for assessing disgust propensity (i.e., individual tendency to experience disgust). Yet, psychometric evaluations of the DS are scarce while the literature shows that the reliability of its subscales are unacceptably low. Recently, it was suggested to reduce the number of subscales (Olatunji, Sawchuk, de Jong, & Lohr, 2007a). This study is a first exploration of this reduced three-factor solution in an independent sample. In study I, we examined whether a three-factor solution improves psychometric properties of the DS. Students from Maastricht University (N = 535) and the University of Groningen (N = 432) completed the DS. In study II, the DS was revised by dropping redundant items and revising its scoring format. The DS-R was administered to students from the University of Groningen (N = 472) and Ghent University (N = 41) to study its psychometric properties. The revisions improved the psychometric features of the DS, and showed that the DS-R is a valid and reliable index to establish core disgust, animal-reminder disgust, and contamination.     

Degeneracy in Candecomp/Parafac explained for p × p × 2 arrays of rank p + 1 or higher

The Candecomp/Parafac (CP) model decomposes a three-way array into a prespecified number R of rank-1 arrays and a residual array, in which the sum of squares of the residual array is minimized. The practical use of CP is sometimes complicated by the occurrence of so-called degenerate solutions, in which some components are highly correlated in all three modes and the elements of these components become arbitrarily large. We consider the real-valued CP model in which p × p × 2 arrays of rank p + 1 or higher are decomposed into p rank-1 arrays and a residual array. It is shown that the CP objective function does not have a minimum in these cases, but an infimum. Moreover, any sequence of CP approximations, of which the objective value approaches the infimum, will become degenerate. This result extends Ten Berge, Kiers, & De Leeuw (1988), who consider a particular 2 × 2 × 2 array of rank 3. Request for reprints should be sent to Alwin Stegeman, Heijmans Institute of Psychological Research, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands. The author is obliged to Jos ten Berge and Henk Kiers for helpful comments. Also, the author would like to thank the Associate Editor and the anonymous reviewers for many suggestions on how to improve the contents and the presentation of the paper.     

The secular rise in IQs in the Netherlands: Is the Flynn effect on g?

IQ scores have been increasing over the last half century, a phenomenon known as the Flynn effect. In this study, we focused on the question to what extent these secular gains are on the g factor. Two IQ batteries: the Interest-School achievement-Intelligence Test (ISI) and the Groningen Final Examination Primary Education (GALO) yielded small and modest negative correlations between standardized gains and g loadings. As these studies employ large samples this suggests that the combined literature now shows a modest negative relationship between d (the secular change in test score) and g.     

The political economy of information exchange politics and property rights in the development and use of interorganizational information systems

Interorganizational information systems are information systems that cross organizational boundaries. Information managers and system developers often assume that the more integrated these information systems are, the more successful the system will be. Such an assumption is indeed intuitively appealing, and, from a technological standpoint, readily understandable. In practice, development and use of integrated information systems that cross organizational boundaries often result in confusing power struggles, politicking, and sometimes manifest sabotage. Based on economic and political organization theory, this article concludes that data ownership and incentives, rather than integration, are of vital importance for the success of interorganizational information systems. He has studied Public Administration and Policy Science (Twente University, the Netherlands) and received his Ph. D. in Management and Organization Science in 1999 (Groningen University, the Netherlands). His research interests include information management and interorganizational relations, especially in the public sector.     

Proof theory and mathematical meaning of paraconsistent C-systems

A proof-theoretic analysis and new arithmetical semantics are proposed for some paraconsistent C-systems, which are a relevant sub-class of Logics of Formal Inconsistency (LFIs) introduced by W.A. Carnielli et al. (2002, 2005) [8] and [9]. The sequent versions BC, CI, CIL of the systems bC, Ci, Cil presented in Carnielli et al. (2002, 2005) [8] and [9] are introduced and examined. BC, CI, CIL admit the cut-elimination property and, in general, a weakened sub-formula property. Moreover, a formal notion of constructive paraconsistent system is given, and the constructivity of CI is proven. Further possible developments of proof theory and provability logic of CI-based arithmetical systems are sketched, and a possible weakened Hilbert?s program is discussed. As to the semantical aspects, arithmetical semantics interprets C-system formulas into Provability Logic sentences of classical Arithmetic PA (Artemov and Beklemishev (2004) [2], Japaridze and de Jongh (1998) [19], Gentilini (1999) [15], Smorynski (1991) [22]): thus, it links the notion of truth to the notion of provability inside a classical environment. It makes true infinitely many contradictions B∧¬B and falsifies many arbitrarily complex instances of non-contradiction principle ¬(A∧¬A). Moreover, arithmetical models falsify both classical logic LK and intuitionistic logic LJ, so that a kind of metalogical completeness property of LFI-paraconsistent logic w.r.t. arithmetical semantics is proven. As a work in progress, the possibility to interpret CI-based paraconsistent Arithmetic PACI into Provability Logic of classical Arithmetic PA is discussed, showing the role that PACIarithmetical models could have in establishing new meta-mathematical properties, e.g. in breaking classical equivalences between consistency statements and reflection principles.     

An Adaptive Logic Based on Jaśkowskiˈs Approach to Paraconsistency

In this paper, I present the modal adaptive logic AJ ^r (based on S5) as well as the discussive logic D ^r ₂ that is defined from it. D ^r ₂ is a (non-monotonic) alternative for Jaśkowski’s paraconsistent system D ₂ . Like D ₂ , D ^r ₂ validates all single-premise rules of Classical Logic. However, for formulas that behave consistently, D ^r ₂ moreover validates all multiple-premise rules of Classical Logic. Importantly, and unlike in the case of D ₂ , this does not require the introduction of discussive connectives. It is argued that this has clear advantages with respect to one of the main application contexts of discussive logics, namely the interpretation of discussions.*Research for this paper was indirectly supported by the Flemish Minister responsible for Science and Technology (contract BIL1/8). The author is indebted to Leon Horsten, Jo?o Marcos, Jerzy Perzanowski, Liza Verhoeven, and especially to the referee and to Diderik Batens for comments and suggestions.     

General Beliefs and the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Role of Environmental Concerns in the TPB

This study tested whether the theory of planned behavior (TPB; Ajzen, 1985 ) could explain people's intention to use a park-and-ride facility (transferium) in Groningen, The Netherlands. We extended the TPB by including egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric concerns. A questionnaire study was conducted among 218 respondents who regularly visit the center of Groningen for work or shopping. Environmental concerns were directly related to attitudes toward using the transferium. However, the 3 types of concerns were not directly related to intention to use the transferium. Furthermore, positive attitudes, positive subjective norms, and high perceived behavioral control toward the use of the transferium were related to stronger intention to use the transferium. Limitations and practical implications of the study are discussed.     

Book Reviews

Abstract

Beteendeterapi inom Psykiatrin L.G. Öst (Red). (1987). Stockholm: Natur &; Kultur. Pris: 330 sv kr. Reviewed by Arnold Torstenson.

“Till de Bildade bland dess Föraktare” Reviewed by Car-Erik Brattemo.

Beteendeterapi inom Psykiatrin Reviewed by Solveig og Carl Erik Grenness.

Schizofrenibehandling — Psykiatri på Liv och Död S. Belin (1987) Stockholm: Natur &; Kultur, 170 sidor. Pris: 205 SEK. Reviewed by Staffan Sohlberg.

Symtom — Diagnos G. Birke (1988) Stockholm: Almqvist &; Wiksell, 616 sidor Reviewed by Birgitta och Roberg Forsberg.     

A 2-categorial Generalization of the Concept of Institution

After defining, for each many-sorted signature Σ = (S, Σ), the category Ter(Σ), of generalized terms for Σ (which is the dual of the Kleisli category for \mathbb T_S{\mathbb {T}_{\bf \Sigma}}, the monad in Set ^S determined by the adjunction T_S \dashv G_S{{\bf T}_{\bf \Sigma} \dashv {\rm G}_{\bf \Sigma}} from Set ^S to Alg(Σ), the category of Σ-algebras), we assign, to a signature morphism d from Σ to Λ, the functor d_à{{\bf d}_\diamond} from Ter(Σ) to Ter(Λ). Once defined the mappings that assign, respectively, to a many-sorted signature the corresponding category of generalized terms and to a signature morphism the functor between the associated categories of generalized terms, we state that both mappings are actually the components of a pseudo-functor Ter from Sig to the 2-category Cat. Next we prove that there is a functor Tr^Σ, of realization of generalized terms as term operations, from Alg(Σ) × Ter(Σ) to Set, that simultaneously formalizes the procedure of realization of generalized terms and its naturalness (by taking into account the variation of the algebras through the homomorphisms between them). We remark that from this fact we will get the invariance of the relation of satisfaction under signature change. Moreover, we prove that, for each signature morphism d from Σ to Λ, there exists a natural isomorphism θ ^d from the functor Tr^L °(Id ×d_à){{{\rm Tr}^{\bf {\bf \Lambda}} \circ ({\rm Id} \times {\bf d}_\diamond)}} to the functor Tr^S °(d^* ×Id){{\rm Tr}^{\bf \Sigma} \circ ({\bf d}^* \times {\rm Id})}, both from the category Alg(Λ) × Ter(Σ) to the category Set, where d* is the value at d of the arrow mapping of a contravariant functor Alg from Sig to Cat, that shows the invariant character of the procedure of realization of generalized terms under signature change. Finally, we construct the many-sorted term institution by combining adequately the above components (and, in a derived way, the many-sorted specification institution), but for a strict generalization of the standard notion of institution.     

Book Reviews

Abstract

Disablement in the communityDonald L. Patrick and Hedley Peach (eds), Oxford University Press 1989, pp. 227.

Applications in health psychologyMarie Johnston and Theresa Marteau (eds), New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers 1989, pp. 155.

Current developments in health psychologyPaul Bennett, John Weinman, and Peter Spurgeon (eds), Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers 1990 pp. 358.

ANXIETY PSYCHOBIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL PERSPECTIVESN. Sartorius, V. Andreoli, G. Cassano, L. Eisenberg, P. Kielholz, P. Pancheri and G. Racagni (eds), New York: Hemisphere Publishing Corporation 1990

HOMESICKNESS, COGNITION AND HEALTHShirley Fisher (ed). London: Erlbaum Associates 1989 pp. 141.

CHRONIC ILLNESS DURING CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCEPSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS. William T. Garrison and Susan McQuiston (eds). London: Sage 1989 pp. 160     

Book reviews

Recent Books by Division Members The Art of the Psychotherapist. New York: W.W. Norton, 1987. 321 pp. (hardcover). $27.95.

Don Dinkmeyer Sr., Gary D. McKay, Don Dinkmeyer, Jr., James S. Dinkmeyer, and Jon Carlson. PREP for Effective Family Living. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service, 1985. (complete PREP kit). $79.50.

Tom Greening (Ed.). American Politics and Humanistic Psychology. Dallas: Saybrook Publishing, 1984. 223 pp. (paperback). $10.00.

Arthur Freeman and Vincent Greenwood (Eds.). Cognitive Therapy: Applications in Psychiatric and Medical Settings. New York: Human Sciences Press, 1986. 234 pp. (paperback). $16.95.

G. Marian Kinget. On Being Human: A Systematic View (Enlarged Ed.). Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1987. 262 pp. (paperback/ hardcover). $14.50/$26.75.

Jeffrey A. Kottler. On Being a Therapist. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass, 1986. 169 pp. (hardcover).

Alvin R. Mahrer. Therapeutic Experiencing: The Process of Change. New York: W. W. Norton, 1986. 419 pp. (hardcover). $34.95.

Rollo May. My Quest for Beauty. Dallas: Saybrook Publishing, 1985. 244 pp. (hardcover). $18.95.

Edward L. Murray. Imaginative Thinking and Human Existence. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1986. 271 pp. (hardcover). $24.00.

William W. Purkey and John J. Schmidt. The Inviting Relationship: An Expanded Perspective for Professional Counseling. Englewood Cliffs, N J: Prentice‐Hall, 1987. 180 pp. (paperbook). S 15.95.

Edward W. L. Smith. Sexual Aliveness. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 1987. 126 pp. (hardcover). $16.95.

Judi Striano. How to Find a Good Psychotherapist: A Consumer Guide. Santa Barbara, CA: Professional Press, 1987. 67 pp. (paperback). $8.95.

Florence J. van Zuuren, Frederick J. Wertz, and Bep Mook (Eds.). Advances in Qualitative Psychology: Themes and Variations. Berwyn, PA: Swets North America, 1987. 209 pp. (paperback). $22.00

New dimensions in family therapy

Brief Therapy With Single‐Parent Families, by Anita Morawetz, M.S.W. and Gillian Walker, M.S.W. New York: Brunner/Mazel, Publishers, 1984. 373 pages, (hardcover) $30.00     

Axiomatization and completeness of uncountably valued approximation logic

A first order uncountably valued logicL _Q(0,1) for management of uncertainty is considered. It is obtained from approximation logicsL _T of any poset type (T, ) (see Rasiowa [17], [18], [19]) by assuming (T, )=(Q(0, 1), ) — whereQ(0, 1) is the set of all rational numbersq such that 0<q<1 and is the arithmetic ordering — by eliminating modal connectives and adopting a semantics based onLT-fuzzy sets (see Rasiowa and Cat Ho [20], [21]). LogicL _Q(0,1) can be treated as an important case ofLT-fuzzy logics (introduced in Rasiowa and Cat Ho [21]) for (T, )=(Q(0, 1), ), i.e. asLQ(0, 1)-fuzzy logic announced in [21] but first examined in this paper.L _Q(0,1) deals with vague concepts represented by predicate formulas and applies approximate truth-values being certain subsets ofQ(0, 1). The set of all approximate truth-values consists of the empty set ø and all non-empty subsetss ofQ(0, 1) such that ifqs andqq, thenqs. The setLQ(0, 1) of all approximate truth-values is uncountable and covers up to monomorphism the closed interval [0, 1] of the real line.LQ(0, 1) is a complete set lattice and therefore a pseudo-Boolean (Heyting) algebra. Equipped with some additional operations it is a basic plain semi-Post algebra of typeQ(0, 1) (see Rasiowa and Cat Ho [20]) and is taken as a truth-table forL _Q(0,1) logic.L _Q(0,1) can be considered as a modification of Zadeh's fuzzy logic (see Bellman and Zadeh [2] and Zadeh and Kacprzyk, eds. [29]). The aim of this paper is an axiomatization of logicL _Q(0,1) and proofs of the completeness theorem and of the theorem on the existence ofLQ(0, 1)-models (i.e. models under the semantics introduced) for consistent theories based on any denumerable set of specific axioms. Proofs apply the theory of plain semi-Post algebras investigated in Cat Ho and Rasiowa [4].Presented byCecylia Rauszer     

Book Reviews

Abstract

Learned Resourcefulness On Coping Skills, Self-Control, and Adaptive Behavior Rosenbaum, M. (Ed.) (1990) New York: Springer Publishing Company. Price: $38.95 Reviewed by Lars-Gunnar Lundh.

Nonverbal Communication in Depression Ellgring, H. (1989) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Price: $49.50 Reviewed by Lars-Gunnar Lundh.

Psykoanalys och kultur Rieland, H. och Ylander, F. (1991) Stockholm: Natur och Kultur. 250 sidor. Reviewed by Lars-Gunnar Lundh.     

An Incomplete Relevant Modal Logic

The relevant modal logic G is a simple extension of the logic RT, the relevant counterpart of the familiar classically based system T. Using the Routley–Meyer semantics for relevant modal logics, this paper proves three main results regarding G: (i) G is semantically complete, but only with a non-standard interpretation of necessity. From this, however, other nice properties follow. (ii) With a standard interpretation of necessity, G is semantically incomplete; there is no class of frames that characterizes G. (iii) The class of frames for G characterizes the classically based logic T.     

Algebraic logic for classical conjunction and disjunction

In this paper we study the relations between the fragment L of classical logic having just conjunction and disjunction and the variety D of distributive lattices, within the context of Algebraic Logic. We prove that these relations cannot be fully expressed either with the tools of Blok and Pigozzi's theory of algebraizable logics or with the use of reduced matrices for L. However, these relations can be naturally formulated when we introduce a new notion of model of a sequent calculus. When applied to a certain natural calculus for L, the resulting models are equivalent to a class of abstract logics (in the sense of Brown and Suszko) which we call distributive. Among other results, we prove that D is exactly the class of the algebraic reducts of the reduced models of L, that there is an embedding of the theories of L into the theories of the equational consequence (in the sense of Blok and Pigozzi) relative to D, and that for any algebra A of type (2,2) there is an isomorphism between the D-congruences of A and the models of L over A. In the second part of this paper (which will be published separately) we will also apply some results to give proofs with a logical flavour for several new or well-known lattice-theoretical properties.Dedicated to our master, Francesc d'A. Sales, on his 75th birthday     

Constructive Logic with Strong Negation is a Substructural Logic. I

The goal of this two-part series of papers is to show that constructive logic with strong negation N is definitionally equivalent to a certain axiomatic extension NFL _ew of the substructural logic FL _ew . In this paper, it is shown that the equivalent variety semantics of N (namely, the variety of Nelson algebras) and the equivalent variety semantics of NFL _ew (namely, a certain variety of FL _ew -algebras) are term equivalent. This answers a longstanding question of Nelson [30]. Extensive use is made of the automated theorem-prover Prover9 in order to establish the result. The main result of this paper is exploited in Part II of this series [40] to show that the deductive systems N and NFL _ew are definitionally equivalent, and hence that constructive logic with strong negation is a substructural logic over FL _ew . Presented by Heinrich Wansing     

Democratic presumptions

At the Leading Edge: New Visions of Science, Spirituality, and Society. Michael Toms, 4936 State Route 414, Burdett, New York: Larson Publications, 1991. Softcover, 386 pp. U.S. $14.95.

A Dream Deferred: America's Discontent and the Search for a New Democratic Ideal, Philip Slater, Beacon, Boston, $19.95, 1991, ISBN 0–8070–4304–4

The American Replacement of Nature, William Irwin Thompson, Doubleday, New York, $20, 1991, ISBN 0,385–42025–0

Reimagination of the World, A Critique of the New Age, Science, and Popular Culture, David Spangler and William Irwin Thompson, Bear and Company, Santa Fe, New Mexico, $12.95, 1991, ISBN 0–939680–92–0

The New Evolutionary Paradigm, Ervin Laszlo, (Ed.), Gordon &; Breach, New York, $60 (libraries) $36 (individuals), 1991, ISBN 2–88124–375–4

The Evolutionary Approach for Social Scientists, Ignazio Masulli, Gordon &; Breach, New York, $50 (libraries) $30 (individuals), 1991, ISBN 2–88124–376–2

The Fifth Discipline. The Art and Practice of the Learning Organization, Peter M. Senge, Doubleday, New York, $19.95, 1990, ISBN 0–385–26094–6

Symbiosis as a Source of Evolutionary Innovation: Speciation and Innovation, Lynn Margulis and Rene Fester (Eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, $37.50, 454, Includes Index

One Earth, One Future: Our Changing Global Environment, Cheryl Simon Silver (with Ruth S. Defries for the National Academy of Sciences), National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., $14.95, 196, Includes Index

Toward a Transpersonal Ecology: Developing New Foundations for Environmentalism, Warwick Fox, Shambhala, Boston, MA, $16.95, 380, Includes Index

Gaia, A Way of Knowing: Political Implications of the New Biology, William Irwin Thompson (Ed.), The Lindisfarne Press, Great Barrington, MA, $10.95, 216

Gaia 2: Emergence, The New Science of Becoming, William Erwin Thompson, The Lindisfarne Press, Hudson, NY, $14.95, 272

A Replicative Perspective On Evolutionary Dynamics: The Organizing Process of the US Economy Elaborated Through Biological Metaphor, Mika Pantzar, Labour Institute for Economic Research, Helsinki, Finland, 274

Societal Systems: Planning, Policy and Complexity &; A Science of Generic Design: Managing Complexity through Systems Design, Vol I and II, John N. Warfield, Intersystems Publications, Salinas, CA, 1989 and 1990     

Cortisol reactivity in the laboratory predicts ineffectual attentional control in daily life

Objective: The objective was to examine an executive control difficulty perspective on individual differences in cortisol reactivity using a daily protocol.

Design: Fifty participants competed a laboratory stressor task and individualdifferences in cortisol reactivity were quantified.

Main outcome measures: Daily attentional control, conflicting thoughts, error reactivity, worry and mindfulness were assessed.

Results: The findings support the idea that as cortisol responses to stress get larger (as an individual difference), attentional control ceases to function as it should in terms of variables that should predict (mindfulness) and follow from (e.g. worry) it.

Conclusion: The findings support the idea that individual differences in cortisol reactivity can be conceptualised in terms of ineffectual attentional control.     

Intermediate logics with the same disjunctionless fragment as intuitionistic logic

Given an intermediate prepositional logic L, denote by L ^–d its disjuctionless fragment. We introduce an infinite sequence {J _n}_n1 of propositional formulas, and prove:(1)For any L: L ^–d =I ^–d (I=intuitionistic logic) if and only if J _n L for every n 1.Since it turns out that L{J _{n} n}1 = Ø for any L having the disjunction property, we obtain as a corollary that L ^–d = I ^–d for every L with d.p. (cf. open problem 7.19 of [5]). Algebraic semantic is used in the proof of the if part of (1). In the last section of the paper we provide a characterization in Kripke's semantic for the logics J _n =I+ +J _n (n 1).