共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
In "Doing Well Enough: Toward a Logic for Common Sense Morality", Paul McNamara sets out a semantics for a deontic logic which contains the operator It is supererogatory that. As well as having a binary accessibility relation on worlds, that semantics contains a relative ordering relation, . For worlds u, v and w, we say that u w v when v is at least as good as u according to the standards of w. In this paper we axiomatize logics complete over three versions of the semantics. We call the strongest of these logics DWE for Doing Well Enough. 相似文献
2.
3.
Todd Bernard Weber 《Argumentation》2002,16(4):459-472
In this paper I argue for modesty concerning what theoretical reason can accomplish in the moral dilemmas debate. Specifically, I contend that philosophers' conclusions for or against moral dilemmas are driven less by rational argument and more by how the moral world intuitively appears to them.I support this thesis by first considering an argument against moral dilemmas, the argument from deontic logic, and showing that its persuasive force depends on one's having already accepted its conclusion. I then make a different, and general, case that any argument in the moral dilemmas debate concerning the defeasibility of conflicting obligations can be marginalized by making not-unreasonable adjustments in the conditions for wrongdoing.These two strands of argument are related by the notion of inescapable wrongdoing. It is our standing intuitions about inescapable wrongdoing which make the relevant deontic logical principles plausible or implausible to us. And whether wrongdoing can be inescapable is central to deciding what the conditions for wrongdoing are. My conclusion is that the arguments in the moral dilemmas debate merely implement whatever standing intuition we have concerning inescapable wrongdoing, and that apart from any such intuition the arguments are unpersuasive. 相似文献
4.
Anna Orlandini 《Argumentation》2003,17(1):65-86
The property common to three kinds of paradoxes (logical, semantic, and cultural) is the underlying presence of an exclusive disjunction: even when it is put to a check by the paradox, it is still invoked at the level of implicit discourse. Hence the argumentative strength of paradoxical propositions is derived. Logical paradoxes (insolubilia) always involve two contradictory, mutually exclusive, truths. One truth is always perceived to the detriment of the other, in accordance with a succession which is endlessly repetitive. A check is put on the principle of the excluded middle by the logical paradoxes, because self-reference leads to an endlessly repeating circle, out of which no resolution is conceivable. Logical paradoxes are to be compared with the `objective ambiguity' prevalent in oracles (Gallet, 1990). Semantic paradoxes are contextually-determined occurrences, whose resolution at the metalinguistic level is made possible by the discovery of a middle term. They express a wilful ambiguity, in which the interlocutor is invited to take an active part in the construction of sense, since what must be found is the unexpected sense thanks to which A and not-A can be asserted simultaneously. Cultural paradoxes play about doxa (`common sense') and openly challenge common opinion because of their character as inopinata (`unexpected'). My aim is to show that even cultural paradoxes hide sometimes a flaw of argumentation similar to logical or semantic paradox; they too imply an exclusive disjunction leading to the disappearance of the middle terms. Finally, basing myself on the theory of topoi (Anscombre and Ducrot, 1983), a tentative resolution of the cultural paradoxes will be suggested. 相似文献
5.
P. Schlenker 《Journal of Philosophical Logic》2007,36(3):251-307
Although it was traditionally thought that self-reference is a crucial ingredient of semantic paradoxes, Yablo (1993, 2004) showed that this was not so by displaying an infinite series of sentences none of which is self-referential but which, taken
together, are paradoxical. Yablo’s paradox consists of a countable series of linearly ordered sentences s(0), s(1), s(2),... , where each s(i) says: For each k >
i, s(k) is false (or equivalently: For no k >
i is s(k) true). We generalize Yablo’s results along two dimensions. First, we study the behavior of generalized Yablo-series in which each
sentence s(i) has the form: For Q k >
i, s(k) is true, where Q is a generalized quantifier (e.g., no, every, infinitely many, etc). We show that under broad conditions all the sentences in the series must have the same truth value, and we derive a characterization of those values of Q for which the series is paradoxical. Second, we show that in the Strong Kleene trivalent logic Yablo’s results are a special case of a more general fact: under
certain conditions, any semantic phenomenon that involves self-reference can be emulated without self-reference. Various translation procedures that eliminate self-reference from a non-quantificational language are defined and characterized.
An Appendix sketches an extension to quantificational languages, as well as a new argument that Yablo’s paradox and the translations
we offer do not involve self-reference. 相似文献
6.
Brendan S. Gillon 《Argumentation》2008,22(1):15-25
The Fang Bian Xin Lun is a text on Buddhist logic which is thought to be the earliest one still to be extant. It appears in Chinese only (T1632).
The great Italian indologist Giuseppe Tucci, believing that the text was originally a Sanskrit text, translated it into Sanskrit
and gave it the title Upāyahṛdaya. The paper provides the historical background of the development of logic in Classical India up to the time of this text,
summarizes its content and translates its first section.
相似文献
Brendan S. GillonEmail: |
7.
Two groups of agents, and , face a moral conflict if has a moral obligation and has a moral obligation, such that these obligations cannot both be fulfilled. We study moral conflicts using a multi-agent
deontic logic devised to represent reasoning about sentences like ‘In the interest of group of agents, group of agents ought to see to it that .’ We provide a formal language and a consequentialist semantics. An illustration of our semantics with an analysis of the
Prisoner’s Dilemma follows. Next, necessary and sufficient conditions are given for (1) the possibility that a single group
of agents faces a moral conflict, for (2) the possibility that two groups of agents face a moral conflict within a single
moral code, and for (3) the possibility that two groups of agents face a moral conflict. 相似文献
8.
Rafał Palczewski 《Studia Logica》2007,86(3):455-478
Recently predominant forms of anti-realism claim that all truths are knowable. We argue that in a logical explanation of the notion of knowability more attention should be paid to its epistemic part. Especially very useful in such explanation are notions of group knowledge. In this paper we examine mainly the notion of distributed knowability and show its effectiveness in the case of Fitch’s paradox. Proposed approach raised some philosophical questions to which we try to find responses. We also show how we can combine our point of view on Fitch’s paradox with the others. Next we give an answer to the question: is distributed knowability factive? At the end, we present some details concerning a construction of anti-realist modal epistemic logic. 相似文献
9.
The goal of this two-part series of papers is to show that constructive logic with strong negation N is definitionally equivalent to a certain axiomatic extension NFL
ew
of the substructural logic FL
ew
. In this paper, it is shown that the equivalent variety semantics of N (namely, the variety of Nelson algebras) and the equivalent variety semantics of NFL
ew
(namely, a certain variety of FL
ew
-algebras) are term equivalent. This answers a longstanding question of Nelson [30]. Extensive use is made of the automated
theorem-prover Prover9 in order to establish the result.
The main result of this paper is exploited in Part II of this series [40] to show that the deductive systems N and NFL
ew
are definitionally equivalent, and hence that constructive logic with strong negation is a substructural logic over FL
ew
.
Presented by Heinrich Wansing 相似文献
10.
This paper considers a new class of agent dynamic logics which provide a formal means of specifying and reasoning about the agents activities and informational, motivational and practical aspects of the behaviour of the agents. We present a Hilbert-style deductive system for a basic agent dynamic logic and consider a number of extensions of this logic with axiom schemata formalising interactions between knowledge and commitment (expressing an agent s awareness of her commitments), and interactions between knowledge and actions (expressing no learning and persistence of knowledge after actions). The deductive systems are proved sound and complete with respect to a Kripke-style semantics. Each of the considered logics is shown to have the small model property and therefore decidable.Presented by Ewa Orlowska 相似文献
11.
On Association Coefficients for 2×2 Tables and Properties That Do Not Depend on the Marginal Distributions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Matthijs J. Warrens 《Psychometrika》2008,73(4):777-789
We discuss properties that association coefficients may have in general, e.g., zero value under statistical independence,
and we examine coefficients for 2×2 tables with respect to these properties. Furthermore, we study a family of coefficients
that are linear transformations of the observed proportion of agreement given the marginal probabilities. This family includes
the phi coefficient and Cohen’s kappa. The main result is that the linear transformations that set the value under independence
at zero and the maximum value at unity, transform all coefficients in this family into the same underlying coefficient. This
coefficient happens to be Loevinger’s H. 相似文献
12.
Robert A. Steer 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2009,31(2):112-118
To ascertain the amount of general factor saturation underlying the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck and Steer 1993) responses of anxious patients, the BAI was administered to 525 outpatients with DSM-IV-TR anxiety disorders. McDonald’s
omegahierarchical(ω
h) (Zinbarg et al. 2005) was calculated to estimate the amount of general factor saturation; ω
h is the amount of variance explained by a general (second-order) factor underlying a scale composed of multiple items divided
by the total amount of variance explained by all of the scale’s items. An iterated principal-factor analysis was first performed
and followed by a Schmid-Leiman transformation to determine the amount of variance explained by the second-order factor. ω
h was 0.70 [95% CI 0.66–0.72], and this value was discussed as supporting the current practice of summing the 21 symptom ratings
of the BAI to estimate the overall severity of self-reported anxiety.
相似文献
Robert A. SteerEmail: |
13.
This paper presents a new modal logic for ceteris paribus preferences understood in the sense of “all other things being equal”. This reading goes back to the seminal work of Von
Wright in the early 1960’s and has returned in computer science in the 1990’s and in more abstract “dependency logics” today.
We show how it differs from ceteris paribus as “all other things being normal”, which is used in contexts with preference defeaters. We provide a semantic analysis and
several completeness theorems. We show how our system links up with Von Wright’s work, and how it applies to game-theoretic
solution concepts, to agenda setting in investigation, and to preference change. We finally consider its relation with infinitary
modal logics. 相似文献
14.
The paper presents an infinite hierarchy of sound and complete axiomatic systems for Two-Dimensional Modal Tense Logic with Historical Necessity, Agents and Acts. A main novelty of these logics is their capacity to represent formally (i) basic action-sentences asserting that such and such an act is performed/omitted by an agent, as well as (ii) causative action-sentences asserting that by performing/omitting a certain act, an agent causes that such and such a state-of-affairs is realized (e.g. comes about/ceases/remains/remains absent). We illustrate how the formal machinery of our systems can be used to reconstruct a number of interesting ideas in the Logic of Agency and Action that have been proposed by authors like von Wright, von Kutschera, Belnap and Segerberg. 相似文献
15.
Prior’s three-valued modal logic Q was developed as a philosophically interesting modal logic. Thus, we should be able to modify Q as a temporal logic. Although a temporal version of Q was suggested by Prior, the subject has not been fully explored in the literature. In this paper, we develop a three-valued
temporal logic Q
t
and give its axiomatization and semantics. We also argue that Q
t
provides a smooth solution to the problem of future contingents.
Presented by Daniele Mundici 相似文献
16.
This paper presents a new theory of vagueness, which is designed to retain the virtues of the fuzzy theory, while avoiding the problem of higher-order vagueness. The theory presented here accommodates the idea that for any statement S
1 to the effect that Bob is bald is x true, for x in [0,1], there should be a further statement S
2 which tells us how true S
1 is, and so on – that is, it accommodates higher-order vagueness – without resorting to the claim that the metalanguage in which the semantics of vagueness is presented is itself vague, and without requiring us to abandon the idea that the logic – as opposed to the semantics – of vague discourse is classical. I model the extension of a vague predicate P as a blurry set, this being a function which assigns a degree of membership or degree function to each object o, where a degree function in turn assigns an element of [0,1] to each finite sequence of elements of [0,1]. The idea is that the assignment to the sequence 0.3,0.2, for example, represents the degree to which it is true to say that it is 0.2 true that o is P to degree 0.3. The philosophical merits of my theory are discussed in detail, and the theory is compared with other extensions and generalisations of fuzzy logic in the literature. 相似文献
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18.
Zhongtang Cheng 《Frontiers of Philosophy in China》2007,2(2):188-205
This article describes the logic paradigm in the “Mobian” 墨辩 (the debate theory of the Mohist school) investigation from the point of view of hermeneutics, discloses the relationship
between the overinterpretation tradition in China and the logic paradigm in the “Mobian” investigation, observes the overinterpretation of the “Mobian” by the creators and supporters of the logic paradigm from Liang Qichao and Hu Shi to the modernists, including mathematical
logicians, and analyzes Shen Youding’s reflections on the logic paradigm in his later life.
Translated by Huang Deyuan (proofread by Hsiung Ming) from Xueshu Yanjiu 学术研究 (Academic Research Journal), 2005, (1): 49–56 相似文献
19.
Gregory Landini 《Axiomathes》2009,19(2):115-142
This is a critical discussion of Nino B. Cocchiarella’s book “Formal Ontology and Conceptual Realism.” It focuses on paradoxes
of hyperintensionality that may arise in formal systems of intensional logic.
相似文献
Gregory LandiniEmail: |
20.
We investigate the class of strongly distributive pregroups, a common abstraction of MV-algebras and Abelian l-groups which was introduced by E.Casari. The main result of the paper is a representation theorem which yields both Chang's representation of MV-algebras and Clifford's representation of Abelian l-groups as immediate corollaries. 相似文献