西方女性心理学近十年的研究回顾与展望

摘 要 目的：探索西方女性心理学研究的特点和规律,为我国本土化的女性心理学研究提供理论参考。方法：文献与理论分析法。结果：西方女性心理学在研究主题上更加关注女性特有的心理行为规律,如性暴力、身体意像、摄食障碍等;关注对象从过去以白人为主的主流群体向弱势群体转变;研究方法向趋向多元和整合。未来的发展趋势表现为：研究对象的拓展和研究方法的深化,多理论视角与跨学科的整合,科学和价值问题的平衡等三个特点。结论：西方女性心理学的发展规律可为我国本土化的女性心理学研究提供指导。关键词 女性心理学 回顾 展望 本土化     

我国军事心理学发展概况简介

军事心理学是心理学的一个重要分支,它是一门研究军人个体和军人集体在军事工作中的心理活动及其规律的科学。其根本任务是揭示军人集体的管理、军人技能的形成、战场环境的心理适应、人与武器的适应、军官素质的培养。军队士气的诱发和心理战等规律,并依据这些规律对部队实施有效的训练和指挥。随着心理学的产生和发展,军事心理学也很快演变成一门独立的科学体系。而且日益为各国所重视和运用。其中发展较快的是美国和苏联。美国曾在第一次世界大战中就抽调大批心理学家成立了17个战争问题研究会、专门研究战争     

美军军人综合健康计划及其启示

美军开展的军人综合健康计划,针对美军士兵近年来出现的心理健康方面的问题,运用积极心理学和心理弹性理论,致力于提高美军心理素质,在士兵中得到了认可。实现党在新形势下的强军目标,需要心理和身体同样健康的官兵,必须大力推进军队心理服务工作。研究美军军人综合健康计划对我军开展心理服务工作有积极的启示。     

军人焦虑,忧郁情绪研究:Ⅰ环境,文化,军龄及其它

军人心理在我国是一个比较新的研究领域,随着军事科技的发展,人的因素已受到越来越多的重视。由于情绪是心理活动中影响最大、最活跃的成份,因此,军人情绪及其问题更是着重关注的对象。本研究在临床测量的基础上,对军人焦虑和忧郁的现状、影响因素进行分析。研究结果显示了军人焦虑和忧郁的基本状态,揭示了发生问题的主要原因。为防治ＰＴＳＤ,提高军队教育管理效果提供了依据。     

青年女性对军人形象认知的质性研究

目的:时代的发展和军队的转型,给当代中国军人提出了如何塑造自身形象的重大课题。通过比较不同群体青年女性对军人形象认知的异同,为军人形象塑造提供理论依据和经验支撑。方法:质性研究中的半结构访谈法和投射法。结果:青年女性对军人形象认知总体积极正面,但不同群体女性的认知存在差异。结论:我军形象塑造要在继承优良传统的基础上,增加时代所赋予的新特点。     

我国军人心理素质研究进展与展望

军人心理素质研究作为军事心理学研究中一个重要的内容,近年来引起了研究者的广泛关注。以近年来军人心理素质研究的文献为基础,对军人心理素质概念、军人心理素质的成分与测评、军人心理素质特点、军人心理素质训练等方面进行了回顾,展望了该领域的研究方向,为军人心理素质的深入研究提供借鉴。     

生态心理学——心理学研究模式的转向

生态心理学是西方心理学的一种新取向,它在方法论上倡导将交互作用原则作为主要研究原则,具体来说,就是主张实际生活环境的研究原则、多元方法选择原则、多元交互解释原则,这些原则带来了心理学研究模式的转向：从探讨思辨中或实验室中的心理向探讨真实环境中的心理转变;从人的心理内部机制的探求转向对人和环境互动关系的探求;从对理论模型的追问到对理论背景与实验设计之间匹配的关注;从分析性思维模式为主转向综合性思维模式。     

试论军队院校如何搞好地方大学生入伍后的心理素质培育

心理素质是军人战斗精神素养的重要组成部分,也是构成军队战斗力的重要因素。本文从三个方面对军队院校如何帮助地方大学生从心理上顺利完成由民到兵的转变,培育起军人过硬心理素质的方法进行了探析。     

国外军事心理学研究现状分析

为了解国外军事心理学研究的动态和研究领域,本文对1980年至2009年国际军事测量学会（IMTA）发表的论文进行了系统分析。结果显示,军人心理选拔等七个领域的文献数量占总数的85.7%;在近30年的文献中,关键词训练与教育、工作绩效、选拔、工作分析等出现频率最高,超过文献总数的58.0%;在近10年的文献中,关键词选拔、领导力、工作分析、工作绩效、离职和人因素等前8项出现频率最高,合计达70.2%。军人心理选拔、军事领导和组织行为、军事临床心理等方面越来越受到军事心理学研究者的重视。     

中国化马克思主义宗教心理学的独特学术价值

本文从研究对象、研究内容、研究方法三个维度，论证了中国化马克思主义宗教心理学的独特学术价值。在研究对象上，中国化马克思主义宗教心理学以无神论心理的培育为根本，以有神论心理的引导为主线，以反邪教心理的对策为补充，这样就和为有神论心理辩护的西方宗教心理学研究划清了界限，体现出自己独特的学术价值。在研究内容上，中国化马克思主义宗教心理学以横纵结合的视角，揭示宗教心理的起源、本质与功能，以及个体宗教心理的发展趋势、年龄特征和影响因素，这样就与西方宗教心理学中形形色色的有神论主张划清了界限，体现出自己独特的学术价值。在研究方法上，中国化马克思主义宗教心理学高举守正创新的旗帜，强调唯物辩证法和历史唯物论在中国宗教心理学研究中的指导地位，同时鼓励研究方法的多样性特别是集成式创新，这样就和西方宗教心理学中片面追求“实证主义”的极端化倾向划清了界限，体现出自己独特的学术价值。     

In their humble opinion: How expressions of humility affect superiors’ assessments of leadership potential in the US Army

While leader humility has been linked to a number of positive outcomes, existing research speculates that expressions of humility may not be viewed positively in organizations with a highly directive or masculine culture – such as the military. Research has also suggested that men and women may be perceived differently when behaving humbly. A combination of four studies revealed that military superiors do take a positive view of humble behaviors in their subordinates, but it is not clear that humble leaders are viewed as having more potential than those who exhibit other positive leadership behaviors. Further, it appears that gender and humility interact to affect perceptions of leadership potential in the military, with humble men receiving more benefit from acting humbly than their female counterparts.     

Counseling Military Populations: A Content Analysis of Counseling Journals From 1998 to 2018

Mental health scholarship of military populations is largely guided by researchers in psychiatry and psychology. Recent advocacy efforts have created increased opportunities for professional counselors to serve military clients, but the research within the profession has yet to be explored. A content analysis of 23 professional counseling journals from June 1998 to June 2018 was conducted to determine military population research trends. Findings indicated that counselors are researching topics similar to those of other mental health fields, such as posttraumatic stress, but are contributing to those topics conceptually rather than empirically. Topical areas in which counselors do produce more empirical studies include career counseling, and these studies relied on college student veteran populations. Suggestions for incorporating the philosophical principles of counseling into future research are provided to inform the trajectory of military scholarship in the profession.     

Gender Differences in Coping Styles of Chinese Military Officers Undergoing Intensive Training

This study investigated gender differences in anxiety and coping styles under the stress of intense military training. We surveyed Chinese female (n = 470) and male (n = 379) military officers who were surveyed during the third month of a 10-month intensive training program. Results indicated that state and trait anxiety were highly correlated in both women and men. In general, female officers had higher levels of anxiety, greater negative coping tendencies, and less perceived self-efficacy than their male counterparts. When compared with the norm, both women and men had significantly more positive coping strategies. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed factors that influenced male and female state anxiety. Avoidance, which was chosen by women more often than men, in general was less useful for female officers. The most common positive coping style for female officers was problem solving, whereas for men it was help seeking. We suggested that even female officers with lower mental health levels than their male counterparts made active cognitive changes to their coping styles when undergoing intense military training.     

从进化心理学视角看两性冒险行为

进化心理学研究发现, 男性比女性更冒险, 男性冒险行为有社会助长和性别助长效应, 求偶动机与异性高魅力均可助长男性冒险行为。按照进化心理学观点, 冒险行为能表现男性作为潜在配偶的积极特征, 可增加其获得异性配偶的几率。择偶偏好研究也证实, 女性青睐敢于冒险的男性。作者认为, 女性冒险行为与求偶动机的关系主要受社会文化影响, 如中国女性在中意的异性面前更避险, 冒险行为领域中进化和文化的交互作用可能成为未来研究焦点。     

The Relationship Between Gender Role Stereotypes and Requisite Military Leadership Characteristics

The continuing emphasis on the need to utilize fully women's leadership skills in traditionally or predominantly male environments highlights the need for understanding gender stereotypes and leadership characteristics perceived to be associated with various jobs. This study essentially replicates Schein's research (1973, 1975) to determine the extent of gender stereotypes held by military students for military leadership positions. The results indicate (1) continued disparity in men's perceptions of the similarities between women and leaders, (2) support of previous findings that women recognize similarities between women and leaders, (3) senior military students possess stronger masculine gender role stereotypes of successful officers than do students with less than 1 year of service in the military academy, (4) greater experience with being led by female leaders did not affect men's masculine gender role stereotypes of successful leaders, and (5) successful female cadet leaders perceive successful officers as having characteristics commonly ascribed to both women and men. These results are interpreted in light of previous research on gender roles and leadership, and the practical implications for meeting organizational, and individual objectives for successful utilization of women in military leadership positions are discussed.     

Gender Bias and Pluralistic Ignorance in Perceptions of Fitness Assessments

Two studies examined the relationship between cadets' views toward women, specifically, attitudes about fitness testing at the United States Air Force Academy (USAFA). Cadets completed measures of views toward women in society, in the military, at USAFA, and fitness testing. Results revealed that many male cadets held sexist attitudes of women in all categories. Cadets who held egalitarian views of women in society and in the military were more likely to support equitable fitness standards. Furthermore, cadets' personal viewpoints differed from their perception of the entire cadet population viewpoint, creating an environment of pluralistic ignorance. That is, cadets believed the collective was more sexist than themselves, suggesting that a vocal minority who perpetuate sexist attitudes may hinder changes in culture.     

Rape Myth Acceptance: A Comparison of Military Service Academy and Civilian Fraternity and Sorority Students

Although both the military and fraternities have been theorized to be characterized by norms and attitudes that serve to legitimize violence against women, no previous work has examined the potential similarity and differences in rape-supportive beliefs of these 2 environments or the people drawn to them. Further, the belief systems of women within these organizations have received little attention. As such, the current study sought to serve as an initial exploration of the rape-supportive belief systems of people drawn to these groups. Participants were recruited from students entering 2 military service academies (U.S. Military Academy, n = 1,169, 1,003 men, 166 women; U.S. Naval Academy, n = 1,916, 1,551 men, 365 women) and fraternities and sororities at a Midwestern university (n = 393, 188 men, 205 women). All participants completed the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale–Short Form. Consistent with previous findings related to gender, men were more accepting of rape myths than women. Further, there was more variability in the levels of rape myth acceptance among military service academy and fraternity men than among military service academy and sorority women. Although across all groups the women expressed significantly lower levels of rape myth acceptance than the men, women and men from the United States Military Academy were more closely aligned in their beliefs than women and men from the other samples. Implications for sexual assault prevention education are discussed.     

Attitudes of male and female cadets toward military sex integration

Two studies examine the attitudes of male and female Army ROTC cadets toward the movement of women into nontraditional and leadership positions in the military. As expected, female cadets reacted more favorably toward women than did male cadets. The time spent in sexually integrated school year ROTC units did not appear to influence opinions, while experience of the integrated summer training camp produced more negative attitudes on the part of men. The results suggest that the ROTC socialization process is ineffective in overcoming traditional sex-role biases against women in the military and that alternative structural changes may be needed to facilitate sexual integration.