错误归因范式中情绪启动特点研究

归因错误在日常生活中是一种常见现象,本研究基于AMP范式,利用情绪启动刺激,通过两个实验探讨了阈上和阈下情绪启动特点.实验结果显示:(1)AMP范式下,存在阈上、阈下情绪启动效应;(2)AMP阈上启动时,汉语词、普通图片、面孔图片均有显著的情绪启动效应,即启动物的情绪色彩对中性目标物的评价有显著影响,被试有将中性模糊刺激赋予和启动物相同的情绪效价色彩的倾向;(3)阈上100ms、1500ms、5000ms三种SOA水平上,启动物效价作用均显著,说明AMP范式下,启动物效价作用能持续至少5s;(4)AMP阈下启动时,效价的简单效应仅在SOA为60ms时显著,即说明阈下情绪启动效应在较短的SOA内易出现,随着SOA的延长情绪启动效应衰退.     

情绪对聋哑大学生时距知觉的影响

为探讨情绪对聋哑大学生的时距知觉的影响,从中国人面孔表情图片系统选取140张图片,运用2（组别）× 2（效价）× 2（唤醒度）× 7（时距）的混合设计进行了探讨。实验一和二结果发现,效价的主效应及其与组别的交互作用显著。对聋哑大学生而言,正性情绪图片的时距被判断为长时距的比例显著高于负性图片,正性图片BP值显著小于负性图片,正性情绪图片的时距被判断为等于标准时距的比例显著高于负性图片;但是唤醒度却对时距知觉没有显著作用。因此,情绪效价对聋哑大学生的时距知觉具有显著影响,这是通过注意机制而产生的效应。     

不同启动水平对情绪性图片的重复启动效应的影响

探索情绪性图片在不同重复水平下的重复启动效应。结果发现在最初的重复之后,正性、负性和中性图片都表现出类似的重复启动效应。而随着重复遍数的增加,只有中性图片的重复启动效应继续增大,正性和负性图片的重复启动量相对稳定且两者之间没有显著差异。这表明,与中性图片不同,在最初的基于重复的加工易化后,正性与负性图片都表现出不受刺激重复出现遍数影响的较高水平的持续性加工,且这种持续性加工可能仅与情绪唤醒度(而非效价)有关。     

海洛因戒断者的阈下情绪启动研究

研究表明海洛因戒断者的情绪加工异常,但其阈下情绪加工是否异常尚无定论。本研究采用阈下情绪启动范式,考察其阈下情绪加工能力。结果：戒断组的反应时显著高于控制组;两组中,相比不一致、控制状态,一致状态反应时均显著最短;在戒断组中,不一致状态的反应时显著大于控制状态,负性图片的反应时显著大于正性图片,而在控制组中差异不显著。结论：戒断者存在阈下情绪启动效应,阈下情绪加工存在正性偏向,且能力弱于正常人。     

阈上/阈下呈现OH投射卡的情绪启动效应研究

分别在阈上/阈下的条件下呈现OH投射卡,探究两种情况下是否能启动情绪。采用阈上和阈下启动实验,以正确率和反应时为因变量,检验阈上、阈下的情绪启动效果。阈上启动实验中,被试对OH卡中积极和消极、中性材料的反应时有显著差异,正确率没有显著差异。阈下启动实验中,被试对消极和积极、中性材料在反应时和正确率上均存在显著差异。结果表示:(1)阈上呈现OH投射卡,OH卡中的积极情绪效价的图片和词汇能够启动情绪;(2)阈下呈现OH投射卡,OH卡中的消极情绪效价的图片和词汇能够启动情绪。     

基于不同情绪的前瞻记忆及TAP效应的影响研究

前瞻记忆是指现在对将来某一段时间要做的行为的记忆。采用情绪图片作为诱发材料,研究了在情绪刺激下前瞻记忆任务以及前瞻记忆TAP效应的影响。结果表明:不同情绪效价主效应显著,正性情绪组成绩显著高于中性情绪组和负性情绪组; 前瞻记忆TAP效应在正性情绪和中性情绪下显著,负性情绪下部分显著; 在不同情绪效价影响下,语义—语义组、语义—知觉组、知觉—知觉组以及知觉—语义组的前瞻记忆成绩差异均存在统计学意义。     

控制感对聋哑人的情绪图片时距知觉的影响

为探讨控制感对聋哑人的情绪图片时距知觉的影响,从中国人面孔表情图片系统中选取实验材料,采用2(控制感:高、低)×2(效价:正、负)的混合设计。结果表明:控制感的主效应及其与效价的交互作用显著,聋哑人在低控制感条件下,对正性图片的时距估计显著长于负性图片,但在高控制感条件下,聋哑人对正性和负性图片的时距估计不存在显著差异。因此,控制感对聋哑人的情绪图片的时距知觉具有显著作用。     

情绪背景和社会预期对社会经济决策行为的影响

采用最后通牒博弈范式,探讨不同情绪背景对社会经济决策中社会预期效应的影响。以90名大学生为被试,利用不同效价的电影片段(正性、负性和中性)诱发相应的目标情绪。通过操作社会规范性信息启动被试对分配方案公平性的不同预期。结果发现:在负性和中性情绪背景下,高预期组更倾向于拒绝接受不公平分配。在正性情绪背景下,高预期组和低预期组面对不公平提议时的接受率没有显著差异。结果表明正性情绪背景使社会预期效应发生改变,回应者对分配方案的高预期不再对决策结果产生显著影响。     

情绪效价和动机情绪对创造力的影响

以图片材料为情绪启动刺激,以多用途测验(AUT)为创造力测量工具,探究情绪与创造力的关系。采用2(情绪效价类型:积极、消极)×2(动机情绪类型:高生存动机、低生存动机)的被试间设计,结果表明:情绪效价主效应显著,积极情绪组的创造力流畅性、灵活性、新颖性及总分显著高于消极情绪组;动机情绪主效应显著,低生存动机情绪组的创造力流畅性、灵活性及总分显著高于高生存动机情绪组;情绪效价和动机情绪的交互作用不显著。研究表明,积极情绪比消极情绪引发更多的创造性活动;低生存动机情绪下的创造力水平高于高生存动机情绪下的创造力水平;情绪效价与动机情绪对创造力的影响不存在交互作用。     

阈下情绪启动对人际判断的影响

通过3个实验探讨了阈下情绪启动对人际判断的影响作用.实验1的结果显示,在阈下呈现快乐面孔的条件下,被试对随后中性面孔的喜好判断显著高于阈下呈现中性面孔和阈下呈现恐惧面孔的条件.实验2的结果显示,在阈下呈现快乐面孔的条件下,被试对随后中性面孔的趋向反应显著高于阈下呈现恐惧面孔的条件.实验3的结果显示,阈下呈现的情绪人物面孔引发的正负情绪效价,不管对新异性的中性人物面孔图片,还是熟悉性的中性人物面孔图片的喜好态度都产生了影响.总之,在情绪的正负效价水平上,阈下情绪启动会影响被试随后的人际判断.     

Friend influence on prosocial behavior: The role of motivational factors and friendship characteristics

This study examined motivation (prosocial goals), individual characteristics (sex, ethnicity, and grade), and friendship characteristics (affective quality, interaction frequency, and friendship stability) in relation to middle adolescents' prosocial behavior over time. Ninth- and 10th-grade students (N = 208) attending a suburban, mid-Atlantic public high school and having at least 1 reciprocated friendship were followed for 1 year. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that a friend's behavior is related to an individual's prosocial goal pursuit, which in turn, is related to an individual's prosocial behavior. Further, the affective quality of a friendship and the frequency with which friends interact moderate relations of a friend's prosocial behavior to an individual's prosocial goal pursuit.     

Nonconscious influences of religion on prosociality: a priming study

Past literature on the automaticity of social behavior indicates that priming a concept automatically activates related behavioral schemas. In the two present studies we examined the impact of religion on prosociality. In the first study, we tested the impact of subliminal priming of religious concepts on prosocial behavior intentions. We found a main effect of this priming, moderated by valence: prosocial behavior tendencies were stronger when positive religious words had previously been subliminally primed. In the second study, we examined the accessibility of prosocial concepts, after the supraliminal activation of religion. Indeed, we found that not only were religion‐related attributes more accessible when primed, but positive religious primes were also able to activate prosocial concepts. While previous research has shown the religion‐prosociality link at the explicit level and in terms of the role of individual religiousness, these results indicate that religious concepts by themselves can nonconsciously activate prosocial behavioral schemas. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

移情对亲社会行为决策的两种功能

移情对亲社会行为决策具有动机功能和信息功能。霍夫曼认为,移情忧伤不仅能够作为亲社会道德动机促进亲社会行为的产生,而且能够激活观察者的道德原则,进而引发亲社会行为。巴特森强调移情不仅能够增强解除他人困境的动机,而且带有重视他人福利和想使他人困境得到解除的程度的信息。移情的动机功能依赖于诱发移情的情境,而信息功能具有稳定的倾向性,比动机功能更持久,两种功能共同作用使移情在亲社会行为决策中具有更强的适应性。移情功能理论对道德教育具有启示作用。     

How do I feel about the behavior? The interplay of affective associations with behaviors and cognitive beliefs as influences on physical activity behavior.

Individuals have affective associations with health behaviors. In other domains such associations have been shown to influence behavior, but affective associations with health behaviors are not included in current health decision-making models. The authors examined whether affective associations with exercise predicted individuals' activity behavior and, if so, how they interfaced with other decision-making constructs to influence behavior. Adult participants (N = 433) reported their current physical activity behavior and affective associations with physical activity. Health belief model and theory of planned behavior constructs were also assessed. More positive affective associations with activity significantly predicted greater activity behavior. Moreover, the influence of the health belief model and theory of planned behavior constructs on activity behavior was mediated through affective associations. Affective associations were shown to play a central role in individuals' activity behavior, both as a mediator of the effects of cognitively based decision-making factors and as an independent predictor of activity behavior. The results suggest the need to include affective influences on behavior in formal models of health decision making and, potentially, to explore affectively based intervention routes to change behaviors.     

Transportation into a story increases empathy, prosocial behavior, and perceptual bias toward fearful expressions

Theorists from diverse disciplines purport narrative fiction serves to foster empathic development and growth. In two studies, participants’ subjective, behavioral, and perceptual responses were observed after reading a short fictional story. In study 1, participants who were more transported into the story exhibited higher affective empathy and were more likely to engage in prosocial behavior. In study 2, reading-induced affective empathy was related to greater bias toward subtle, fearful facial expressions, decreased perceptual accuracy of fearful expressions, and a higher likelihood of engaging in prosocial behavior. These effects persisted after controlling for an individual’s dispositional empathy and general tendency to become absorbed in a story. This study provides an important initial step in empirically demonstrating the influence of reading fiction on empathy, emotional perception, and prosocial behavior.     

正念对亲社会行为的影响

正念在促进亲社会行为上的表现逐渐受到关注,越来越多的研究者针对正念对亲社会行为的影响展开探索。已有的理论研究认为正念可以通过提高注意力、身体意识、去具体化能力、积极情感体验、情绪调节能力和减少自我感来促进亲社会行为; 实证研究结果表明,特质正念能够正向预测亲社会行为,正念干预通过提高共情能力、同情体验、情绪调节能力以及去自动化认知来促进亲社会行为。未来研究需要在完善系统的正念—亲社会行为理论框架基础上,进一步挖掘正念对亲社会行为的不同影响及其机制,关注潜在的消极影响,同时发展生态效度更高的研究方法或指标来考量正念与亲社会行为之间的关系,提升正念干预对亲社会行为影响的长期有效性与普适性。     

亲社会行为与利他主义

本文概要地介绍了利他主义与亲社会行为的定义、理论解释和一些影响因素.     

Affective motivations to help others: A two‐stage model of donation decisions

Emotional reactions are an important element in the motivation to help others. Our research examined the role of affective vs. deliberative information processing in the genesis and use of emotional reactions in decisions to provide financial aid to people in distress. In two studies, we investigated whether information processing mode influenced participants' donations, affective reactions, and the relationship between the two. Information processing was manipulated by a priming procedure and a cognitive load paradigm. Participants' empathic emotions were assessed by self‐reported sympathy, compassion, and distress. Additionally, we measured how much better a donation would make participants feel and their anticipated regret for not donating, which were taken as indicators of their motivation to donate as a form of mood management. Results suggest that different mechanisms govern the initial decision to donate money (Stage 1) compared to later decisions on how much money to donate (Stage 2). Motivations for mood management were primarily predictive of donation decisions, whereas empathic feelings were predictive of the donation amount. The potentially disruptive effects of deliberative processing on prosocial behavior are discussed in light of a two‐stage processing model of donations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Positive emotional context eliminates the framing effect in decision-making

Dual-process theories have suggested that emotion plays a key role in the framing effect in decision-making. However, little is known about the potential impact of a specific positive or negative emotional context on this bias. We investigated this question with adult participants using an emotional priming paradigm. First, participants were presented with positive or negative affective pictures (i.e., pleasant vs. unpleasant photographs). Afterward, participants had to perform a financial decision-making task that was unrelated to the pictures previously presented. The results revealed that the presentation framed in terms of gain or loss no longer affected subjects' decision-making following specific exposure to emotionally pleasant pictures. Interestingly, a positive emotional context did not globally influence risk-taking behavior but specifically decreased the risk propensity in the loss frame. This finding confirmed that a positive emotional context can reduce loss aversion, and it strongly reinforced the dual-process view that the framing effect stems from an affective heuristic belonging to intuitive System 1. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

Effects of mimicking: acting prosocially by being emotionally moved

Mimicry is functional for empathy and bonding purposes. Studies on the consequences of mimicry at a behavioral level demonstrated that mimicry increases prosocial behavior. However, these previous studies focused on the mimickee. In the present paper, we investigated whether mimickers also become more helpful due to mimicry. In two studies, we have demonstrated that participants, who mimicked expressions of a person shown on a video, donated more money to a charity than participants who did not mimic. Moreover, the processes by which mimicry and prosocial behavior are related largely remain empirically unexamined in existing literature. The results of Study 2 confirmed our hypothesis that affective empathy mediates the relationship between mimicry and prosocial behavior. This suggests that mimicry created an affective empathic mindset, which activated prosocial behaviors directed toward others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.