认知诊断分类中心的确定

期望反应模式是认知诊断分类的类中心,确定了诊断范围中属性及其层级关系后,类中心的数目由测验Q矩阵决定.类中心应该是完备的,即理论上有多少个知识状态就应该有多少个类中心,这涉及评分方式、Q矩阵设计、Q矩阵评价与修改、认知诊断测验如何实施等问题的讨论.重点给出多级评分认知诊断测验不同属性层级对应的完备Q矩阵设计的例子和罗列了Wang等人（2013）的Q矩阵修改的方法.     

音乐能力测验:结构拓展与分析方式的转换

从测验结构上,一般音乐能力测验包含基本认知能力、审美能力和创造能力测验.而现代音乐能力测验延伸到奏唱能力、表演交流能力和个体特质测验,从结构上对其进行拓展和完善.另一方面,从分析方式上,教育测验从总结性评价朝形成性评价方向发展.以美国国家评价与教育计划(NAEP)为例对测验项目进行属性层面的分析,证明了音乐能力认知诊断测验(CDA)的可能性.未来的研究应注意音乐能力测验结构的完整性和系统性,并将音乐能力认知诊断测验应用到实际当中.     

新一代测验理论-认知诊断理论的源起与特征

认知诊断理论被视为新一代测验理论的核心,是认知心理学与现代测量学相结合的产物。对认知诊断的研究已成为当前国外心理学研究的一个重要热点,并引起国内学者的广泛关注。本文从认知诊断的源起、概念、特征,及研究的基础、框架、意义和难点等七个方面对认知诊断的理论与技术作了一个简要述评,以期推进我国心理学界认知诊断的研究工作。     

计算机辅助英语教学过程中学生认知特点的初步分析

前言研究学习过程,揭示学习过程的认知规律,阐明影响学习的各种因素,并加以控制或改变,从而提高学习效果,这一直是心理学家、教育家所关心的课题。本世纪以来,不同心理学学派运用不同方法对学习规律曾作过许多研究,并根据他们各自的理论观点作了阐述和介释。特别是60年代以后发展起来的认知心理学,不仅强调了学习材料本身的内在逻辑结构,更强调了已有知识经验和学习者原有认知结构的作用。因此,按照学生认知特点和规律进行教学,不仅是提高教学效果的需要,而且有助于教育心理学理论的发展。     

生成性绘图与合作对高中生科学知识学习的影响

生成性绘图是学习心理学中一种有效的学习策略,能够促进学习者对科学文本知识的表征和深层理解。目前关于学习者生成性绘图的研究主要集中在个体学习领域,很少有研究探讨合作学习中生成性绘图的作用。本研究将合作学习与学习者生成性绘图相结合,探讨生成性绘图和合作对高中生科学知识学习的影响。实验1采用单因素(绘图、阅读)被试间设计来验证生成性绘图对学习效果以及认知负荷等主观体验的影响;实验2采用2(合作、个体)×2(绘图、阅读)被试间设计来探讨合作与生成性绘图对学习效果和学习者主观体验的影响。研究表明,生成性绘图和合作都可以有效促进高中生科学知识的学习效果;生成性绘图能够降低学习者的内在认知负荷;合作能够降低学习者的内在和外在认知负荷,提高学习者的相关认知负荷和学习兴趣。     

多媒体学习的图文整合:空间邻近效应的元分析

多媒体学习中的空间邻近效应认为,当书页或屏幕上的对应的图像和文本邻近呈现时,要比图文远离呈现更加有利于学习者的学习。本元分析针对Ginns（2006）的不足,增加了近10年最新的研究,以保持测验、迁移测验和主观认知负荷作为结果变量,考察多媒体学习中空间邻近效应的稳定性,以及学习材料特征、学习及测验环境和学习者教育水平等的调节作用。经文献搜索与筛选,有53项研究符合元分析要求,在保持测验、迁移测验、主观认知负荷上分别生成了45个（2000人）、43个（1935人）、11个（645人）独立效应量。主效应检验发现：空间邻近组在保持测验（d_保持=0.48）和迁移测验（d_迁移=0.39）成绩上均显著高于空间远离组,在主观认知负荷上显著低于空间远离组（d_认知负荷=-0.24）。调节效应检验发现：在高交互性材料（d_高交互=0.42）、系统步调（d_系统步调=0.52）、短时学习（d_短时=0.55）等条件下,空间邻近效应对学习的深层理解（迁移测验）能发挥更大的作用;对中小学生学习者（d_中小学=0.71）,空间邻近效应促进学习识记（保持测验）的效果更好;相对于电子环境,纸质学习环境下（d_保持=0.66,d_迁移=0.52）的空间邻近效应对保持和迁移测验的促进都更加显著;在主观认知负荷上,学习材料特征、学习及测验环境以及学习者教育水平对空间邻近效应均不存在调节作用。     

选项具有诊断信息的多选题认知诊断测验编制

编制选项具有诊断信息的多选题是提高多选题认知诊断测验诊断效果的有效方法.研究从认知诊断的目标出发,根据认知诊断测验质量的评价标准,结合多选题的特点,探讨选项具有诊断信息的多选题认知诊断测验编制的原则.同时,结合多选题的特点和多选题采用称名计分方式的需要,对编制选项具有诊断信息的多选题提出两点要求.根据多选题认知诊断测验编制的原则和要求,给出具有可操作性的多选题认知诊断测验编制的步骤.模拟研究结果表明：根据所提出的原则和要求编制的多选题认知诊断测验具有较好的诊断效果,说明这些原则和要求合理、可行.由于这些原则、要求和步骤具有较强的可操作性,因此它对于编制多选题认知诊断测验具有一定的指导意义.     

不同认知结构被试的测验设计模式

正如不同的病症需要使用不同的医疗技术方法来诊断一样, 不同的认知结构也需要设计对应的测验模式来进行诊断, 从而保证测验具有高质量的诊断评估效果。但传统测验形式未考虑不同认知结构的针对性诊断测验需求, 导致“千人一卷”在测验效率上有所不足; 认知诊断计算机化自适应测验虽可针对不同认知结构的被试施测不同的项目, 然而支持自适应过程的题库却没有针对不同认知结构被试设计对应的项目, 导致题库使用效率较低。要解决上述问题的关键在于, 探索如何针对不同认知结构设计相对应的测验模式。本研究采用Monte Carlo模拟, 对六种属性层级关系下, 不同认知结构的测验设计模式进行探讨。实验结果表明(1)同一属性层级关系下, 不同认知结构的最佳测验设计模式不同; (2)依据不同认知结构的最佳测验设计模式构建的题库具有更高的使用效率。测验编制者可以根据实验结果针对不同认知结构优化对应的测验设计模式, 并用于指导题库建设。     

抑郁个体的内隐心境一致性记忆

情绪和记忆的关系始终足认知心理学的重要研究领域,随着临床心理学和认知心理学的融合与发展,抑郁个体的心境一致性记忆的临床价值逐渐受到重视.就目前来看,抑郁个体的内隐心境一致件记忆的研究结论仍存在较大分歧,在被试群体、样本大小、任务难度、测验类型、抑郁程度等众多变量中,测验纯度和学习/测验的匹配程度足最重要的影响因素.     

基于计算机的反馈复杂性和先前知识对学习的影响

采用两因素实验设计探索计算机环境下精细反馈的复杂性和先前知识对学习的影响。106名具有高或低先前知识的大学生被随机分配到线索和详细解释两种复杂程度不同的反馈条件下进行学习,在学习过程中和学习结束之后分别测量学习者对反馈内容的外在认知负荷评价、迁移成绩、反馈知觉和动机。结果发现:(1)反馈复杂性只影响低先前知识者的学习迁移,他们在详细解释条件下的迁移成绩显著高于线索条件。高先前知识者的迁移成绩高于低先前知识者。(2)反馈复杂性和先前知识都显著影响学习者对反馈内容的外在认知负荷评价,详细解释条件引发了更低的外在认知负荷,高先前知识者感知到更低的外在认知负荷。(3)先前知识影响学习者的反馈知觉,高先前知识者的反馈知觉更好;但反馈复杂性只影响低先前知识者的反馈知觉,他们在详细解释条件下产生了更好的反馈知觉。(4)反馈复杂性和先前知识促进学习者的动机。     

Combining computer adaptive testing technology with cognitively diagnostic assessment

A major advantage of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) is that it allows the test to home in on an examinee's ability level in an interactive manner. The aim of the new area of cognitive diagnosis is to provide information about specific content areas in which an examinee needs help. The goal of this study was to combine the benefit of specific feedback from cognitively diagnostic assessment with the advantages of CAT. In this study, three approaches to combining these were investigated: (1) item selection based on the traditional ability level estimate (theta), (2) item selection based on the attribute mastery feedback provided by cognitively diagnostic assessment (alpha), and (3) item selection based on both the traditional ability level estimate (theta) and the attribute mastery feedback provided by cognitively diagnostic assessment (alpha). The results from these three approaches were compared for theta estimation accuracy, attribute mastery estimation accuracy, and item exposure control. The theta- and alpha-based condition outperformed the alpha-based condition regarding theta estimation, attribute mastery pattern estimation, and item exposure control. Both the theta-based condition and the theta- and alpha-based condition performed similarly with regard to theta estimation, attribute mastery estimation, and item exposure control, but the theta- and alpha-based condition has an additional advantage in that it uses the shadow test method, which allows the administrator to incorporate additional constraints in the item selection process, such as content balancing, item type constraints, and so forth, and also to select items on the basis of both the current theta and alpha estimates, which can be built on top of existing 3PL testing programs.     

Interpretation of the personality inventory for children-revised (PIC-R): Influence of cognitive impairment

The Personality Inventory for Children-Revised (PIC-R) is a parent-report measure of social-emotional adjustment for children 3 to 16 years of age. The present study examined the clinical value of the PIC-R by exploring the impact of age and developmental status on PIC-R profiles, particularly on the Psychosis (PSY) scale, within a sample of preschool and school-age children referred for assessment of suspected cognitive impairment and learning problems. Compared to school-age children, significantly more preschoolers obtained elevated scores on the Psychosis scale; those preschoolers with cognitive impairments were even more likely to obtain significantly elevated Psychosis scale scores, despite the absence of diagnosed childhood psychosis. No significant relationship was found between Psychosis scale elevations and cognitive impairment in the school-age group. The PIC-R was moderately accurate in identifying cognitively impaired preschoolers but only minimally accurate in identifying cognitively impaired school-age children.     

面向“为学习而测评”的纵向认知诊断模型

基于“为学习而测评”的理念,以促进学生学习为目的,客观量化学习现状并提供诊断反馈的测评模式日益受到重视。相比于横断认识诊断测评,纵向认知诊断测评更有利于实现促进学生发展的目标。为使国内学者系统性地了解纵向认知诊断模型,首先,依据建模逻辑将已有纵向认知诊断模型划分为基于潜在转换分析的和基于高阶潜在结构模型的两类,并逐一介绍和说明两类模型的理论基础和应用情景;然后,通过模拟研究为读者呈现如何使用纵向认知诊断模型进行数据分析及如何解读相应的诊断结果。最后,提炼出四个可进一步研究的议题。     

学习不良儿童的家庭资源对其认知发展、学习动机的影响

运用认知测验法和问卷法,综合考察了１６７中学习不良儿童和１６１名一般儿童的家庭 资料对认知发展、学习以机的影响。表明：学习不良儿童的家庭资源、学习动机和认知发展之间存在着因果关系,家族资源通过两种途径对认知发展发生作用,一是通过影响学习动机促进信知发展二是直接对认知发展发生作用。     

Distributed learning: Educating and assessing extended cognitive systems

Extended and distributed cognition theories argue that human cognitive systems sometimes include non-biological objects. On these views, the physical supervenience base of cognitive systems is thus not the biological brain or even the embodied organism, but an organism-plus-artifacts. In this paper, we provide a novel account of the implications of these views for learning, education, and assessment. We start by conceptualizing how we learn to assemble extended cognitive systems by internalizing cultural norms and practices. Having a better grip on how extended cognitive systems are assembled, we focus on the question: If our cognition extends, how should we educate and assess such extended cognitive systems? We suggest various ways to minimize possible negative effects of extending one’s cognition and to efficiently find and organize (online) information by adopting a virtue epistemology approach. Educational and assessment implications are foregrounded, particularly in the case of Danish students’ use of the internet during exams.     

Is affective material in attitudes more accessible than cognitive material? The moderating role of attitude basis

Verplanken, Hofstee, and Janssen (1998) found that the affective component of attitude is accessed more readily than the cognitive. Three studies further examined these findings in the light of two competing explanations: affective primacy, which states that emotional material is inherently more accessible than cognitive; and evaluative primacy, which states that emotional material is more accessible only if it is inherently more evaluative or supports the overall evaluative basis of attitude. Study 1 measured the accessibility of cognitive and affective traits while equalizing the evaluative nature of these traits. This study found a speed advantage for affective traits, but the attitude objects in this study turned out to be mainly affectively based. Studies 2 and 3, using a mixture of affectively and cognitively based objects, found that the speed advantage for affective terms was only found among affectively based objects; Study 3 also found a speed advantage for cognitive terms among cognitively based objects, and additionally found that individual differences in attitude basis explained part of this interaction. Collectively, these studies show that while affective material may be accessed more quickly than cognitive, this is most true when overall evaluation is based on affect rather than cognition. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of sleep loss on sustained cognitive performance during a command and control simulation

Because of low cognitive demands and infrequent performance assessment, previous sleep-loss studies may have provided conservative estimates of the cognitive deficits that can occur during sustained, intensive, military operations. The research described here addresses the limitations of earlier studies by requiring and measuring performance on a continuous basis in a computerized laboratory environment. During a 54-h period of wakefulness, subjects were required to continuously monitor and act upon information being transmitted over a communication network while their performance on cognitive tests, which were embedded in and distributed around the message traffic, was continuously evaluated. The results show that this cognitively demanding environment produces greater mood and performance decrements as a function of sleep loss than previous, less-demanding studies. The methodology is described in detail, and the implications of the experimental findings are discussed.     

EXPLORING BLACK-WHITE SUBGROUP DIFFERENCES OF MANAGERIAL COMPETENCIES

This study investigates whether different job-relevant competencies vary in terms of Black-White subgroup differences exhibited. There were 633 participants (545 Whites, 88 Blacks) who completed a managerial assessment center that evaluated 13 competency dimensions across 8 assessment exercises. Participants also completed a cognitive ability test. The results suggest that subgroup differences vary by the content domain of the competency. As predicted, significant subgroup differences emerged for a majority of the more cognitively loaded competencies (e.g., judgment) while nonsignificant differences were associated with a majority of the less cognitively loaded competencies (e.g., human relations). Furthermore, when cognitive ability was controlled, 12 of 13 competency scores demonstrated incremental validity in predicting supervisory job performance ratings. In addition, competencies with greater cognitive load tended to more strongly predict cognitive aspects of job performance as compared to noncognitive aspects. However, competencies with less cognitive load did not differentially predict cognitive and noncognitive aspects of job performance.     

Thirty years of research on online learning

This paper presents a personal account of developments in research on online learning over the past 30 years. Research on how to design online instruction represents an example of applying the science of learning to education. It contributes to the science of learning (as exemplified by developments in cognitive load theory, the cognitive theory of multimedia learning, and incorporating metacognitive, motivational, and affective aspects of learning), the science of instruction (as exemplified by the continuing development of research‐based principles of instructional design), and the science of assessment (as exemplified by supplementing self‐report surveys and retention tests with multilevel transfer tests, log file data during learning, and cognitive neuroscience measures of cognitive processing during learning). Some recurring themes are that learning is caused by instructional methods rather than instructional media, so research should focus on features that are uniquely afforded by digital learning environments; instructional practice should be grounded in rigorous and systematic research, including value‐added experiments aimed at pinpointing the active ingredients in online instruction; research in online learning should identify boundary conditions under which instructional techniques are most effective; and research in online learning should test and contribute to learning theory.     

多项选择题认知诊断潜能的最大化

多项选择题是认知诊断中常用的测验项目形式, 其正确答案选项和经过特殊编制的干扰项都能提供诊断信息。为了提取干扰项的信息, 需要采用不同于传统认知诊断模型的心理计量模型。分类介绍能使干扰项提供诊断信息的多项选择题编制方法, 分析这类多项选择题的认知诊断模型, 认为未来应加强干扰项编制方法和能提取干扰项信息的认知诊断模型的选择和开发等方面的研究。