初中一,二年级学生的亲子冲突

本研究选取北京市两所普通中学１９２名初一和初二学生为被试,通过学生对８个方面亲子冲突的评价,探讨初中生亲子冲突的特点。研究发现,（１）初中生早期的亲子冲突处于较低水平;（２）与母亲的冲突多于与父亲的冲突,女生尤其如此;（３）多数亲子冲突随年级而增加;（４）在多数冲突上,男生与父母的冲突多于女生;（５）亲子冲突最多的三个方面为日常生活安排、学业和家务,而冲突最少的为隐私。     

不同认知方式对词—面孔任务Stroop效应的影响

该研究采用词—面孔Stroop任务,以76名大学生为被试,探讨了不同认知方式（场独立、场依存）对情绪冲突Stroop效应的影响。结果发现：（1）情绪冲突的Stroop效应显著,即,在词—面孔Stroop任务中,当词和面孔的情绪效价一致时,被试的反应时更短,正确率更高。（2）认知方式对情绪冲突Stroop任务的影响显著,表现为无论是一致还是不一致条件下,场独立者比场依存者的反应时都更短。（3）场依存者的情绪冲突Stroop效应更大,表现为其在词—面孔情绪效价一致和不一致条件下的反应时差异更大。     

冲突适应效应研究述评

冲突适应效应指在一致性任务的试次序列中, 被试在前一试次中经历冲突后会使其在当前试次中更好的解决冲突。目前对于该效应有冲突监测理论、特征整合理论和学习理论三种不同的解释。研究者们对冲突适应的产生条件(诱发冲突适应的冲突性质、范围和程度)进行了大量的研究, 同时, 对冲突适应效应的影响因素(工作记忆、注意资源及动机和情绪)也做了探讨。未来的研究应将认知因素和非认知因素结合起来探讨冲突适应效应的产生条件及影响因素, 并加强神经机制的研究, 以更好的揭示冲突适应效应的实质。     

冲突水平的变化诱发冲突适应

冲突适应是重要的认知控制现象, 反映了认知控制的动态过程。然而, 目前为止对于冲突水平上的差异能否诱发冲突适应尚不清楚。本研究采用字母Flanker的变式, 通过改变目标-分心物的一致性操纵冲突水平, 探究冲突水平的变化对认知控制调整的影响。结果发现被试的反应时间随冲突水平的提高而增加; 而且先前试次的一致性影响当前试次的干扰效应, 无冲突和低冲突、无冲突和高冲突、低冲突和高冲突条件之间均出现了典型的冲突适应。本研究结果表明, 除了冲突的有无, 冲突水平的变化也能诱发冲突适应, 支持更大的冲突驱动更强的认知控制, 而且冲突诱发的认知控制的功能可能通过注意聚焦实现。这一发现为冲突监测理论的注意调节机制提供了直接的支持证据, 对于促进冲突适应的相关研究具有重要意义。     

中庸思维与大学生网络成瘾:同伴冲突和性别的作用

本研究基于资源保存理论和社会角色理论,选取武汉市492名大学生为被试,以问卷方式测量了大学生中庸思维、同伴冲突以及网络成瘾。结果显示：（1）中庸思维与同伴冲突、网络成瘾呈显著负相关;同伴冲突与网络成瘾呈显著正相关;（2）同伴冲突在中庸思维与网络成瘾的关系之中起中介作用;（3）性别对中介路径“中庸思维→同伴冲突→网络成瘾”的前半段路径有显著的调节效应。对于男性,中庸思维可以负向预测同伴冲突;对于女性,中庸思维不能预测同伴冲突。本研究的结果表明,同伴冲突中介中庸思维与网络成瘾的关系;但是,中庸思维与同伴冲突的负向联系只存在于男性之中。     

冲突观察范式下冲突适应的机制

冲突观察诱发的冲突适应不受反应执行的影响,因此更纯净。该研究分别采用Stroop任务、单词Flanker任务和字母Flanker任务的冲突观察范式,在三个实验中考察了冲突适应的机制。在三个实验中,冲突适应都表现在反应任务中的一致试次和不一致试次上;不一致试次之后的干扰效应显著小于一致试次之后的干扰效应;冲突适应量服从正态分布。因此,该研究首次在冲突观察范式下揭示了冲突适应的分布特征,为认知控制研究提供了新思路。     

基于视听双通道的音乐情绪冲突效应及优势通道研究

为探讨基于视听双通道的音乐情绪冲突效应、冲突情境下的优势加工通道和音乐经验对结果的影响,本研究采用音乐表演视频为材料,比较音乐组和非音乐组被试在一致型和不一致型视听双通道下的情绪评定速度、准确性及强度。结果发现:(1)一致型条件下的情绪评定更准确且更强烈;(2)不一致型条件下,被试更多以听觉通道的情绪线索为依据进行情绪类型评定;(3)非音乐组被试比音乐组被试更依赖视觉通道的情绪线索。结果表明:通道间情绪信息的不一致阻碍了音乐情绪加工; 听觉通道是音乐情绪冲突情境下的优势加工通道; 音乐经验降低了情绪冲突效应对音乐组被试的干扰。     

青少年与成年人情绪冲突控制的年龄差异：一项行为和ERP研究（英文）

青春期被喻为“狂风骤雨期”,青少年可能比年幼的儿童和年长的成年人有更大的情绪抑制和控制的需求。情绪抑制控制能力与冒险行为、异常的心理和行为发展有关。本研究采用事件相关电位（ERP）方法探讨青少年与成人之间的情绪冲突控制的差异。31名早期青少年（男生19名;M年龄=12.66岁）和33名成年人（男生16名;M年龄=20.15岁）完成了面孔-词Stroop任务。在该任务中,情绪词叠加在情绪面孔上构成一致和不一致条件,被试被要求判断面孔的效价（面孔任务）或词语的效价（词语任务）。分析两组被试在行为表现和与情绪信息加工相关的ERP成分上的年龄差异。结果表明：（1）青少年在面孔判断任务中存在Stroop效应（一致性条件下的反应时间比不一致条件下的反应时间短）,而对于成年人而言,在面孔和词语判断任务中均发现了Stroop效应;（2）在青少年中,不一致条件诱发的N450波幅显著大于一致条件;（3）N450成分的Stroop效应仅在词语判断任务中出现,而SP成分的Stroop效应仅在面孔判断任务中出现。研究结果提供了神经证据表明,与成人相比,青少年处理情绪冲突的能力较差,这可能与其情绪控制相关的前额叶...     

推理判断中偏差反应的加工机制：冲突探查失败，还是抑制失败？

通过控制自变量一致性（冲突、非冲突）与问题类型（基础比率问题、合取问题）,对推理判断中偏差反应的加工机制：冲突探查失败,还是抑制失败,进行验证。反应时、反应自信度的结果支持抑制失败说,被试对冲突的探查是成功的,偏差反应的产生是没能抑制占主导的直觉。而冲突探查大小（Conflict detection size）的结果表明冲突探查存在个体差异,有些被试对两种加工间的冲突探查过程完美无暇(Flawless detection),有些被试的冲突探查过程松散马虎(Lax detection),而且受到问题类型的影响。     

知觉负载影响注意选择和冲突解决的系列效应

研究考察了无关侧抑制项引起的侧抑制效应如何受到当前试次知觉负载和先前试次知觉负载与目标?侧抑制项关系的交互影响。被试在视觉搜索集中搜索目标朝向刺激(水平或竖直朝向)并作辨别反应, 非目标项在低负载条件下彼此朝向一致, 在高负载条件下彼此朝向不一致。在搜索集的左侧或右侧存在一个与当前目标一致或不一致的无关侧抑制项(flanker)。结果发现, 整体上, 在当前试次低负载条件下会产生较大的干扰效应, 而在当前试次高负载下无干扰效应。此外, 先前试次(trial n-1)为高负载条件时, 当前试次(trial n)出现了典型的知觉负载效应, 即低负载条件干扰效应较大, 高负载条件无干扰效应。但是, 先前试次为低负载条件时, 当前试次的干扰效应大小受到先前试次冲突解决状态的影响。先前试次为低负载条件且目标?无关侧抑制项不一致时, 下一试次低负载条件的侧抑制效应显著减小, 与高负载条件没有差异; 反之, 先前试次为低负载且目标?侧抑制项一致条件时, 下一试次低负载条件的侧抑制效应显著增大。先前试次为低负载条件时, 完成了知觉加工的侧抑制项或者引发了冲突效应(不一致条件), 或者促进了对目标的反应(一致条件), 造成不同的注意选择和冲突解决状态, 显著影响了下一试次的行为表现。这说明, 注意选择与冲突控制过程是动态变化的, 除了受到当前试次知觉负载的影响, 也受到先前试次注意选择和冲突解决状态的调节。     

Resolution of complex decisional conflicts as a function of degree of avoidance

The relationship between difficulty of conflict resolution and degree of avoidance was investigated in three experiments using imaginary conflicts consisting of choosing to have more or less of certain personal characteristics. Double forms of conflict were used to control for complexity of choice. In the first experiment, it was found that double approach-approach conflicts were resolved more quickly than double approach-avoidance which in turn were faster than double avoidance-avoidance. The second experiment showed a similar result using scaled judgments of subjective difficulty. In the third experiment, the basic finding was shown to be independent of situational pressure by permitting an undecided choice. The basic finding was also shown to be independent of individual differences in social desirability.     

冲突观察能诱发冲突适应

重复启动效应和一致试次所占的比例都会影响冲突适应效应。采用词-色Stroop任务, 本研究在控制了重复启动效应和一致试次的比例之后, 通过三个实验共同探讨反应执行和冲突观察对冲突适应效应的影响。实验一发现当前试次的Stroop干扰效应, 但没有得到冲突适应效应; 在实验二中, 先前试次为四选一的选择反应时任务, 当前试次为词-色Stroop任务, 得到反转的冲突适应效应; 实验三和实验一程序相似, 但在先前试次上不执行反应, 得到了稳定的冲突适应效应。这些结果证明, 冲突观察能够诱发冲突适应机制, 提升当前的操作表现。     

The Effects of Bromides on Certain Psychological Test Performances

In a study of motor conflict resolution, 20 Ss in each of two groups, designated as high drive (HD) and low drive (LD) according to scores on the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, had to resolve approach-approach (AP-AP), avoidance-avoidance (AV-AV), and double approach-avoidance (DAP-AV) conflicts. The HD group took significantly longer to resolve all three conflicts than did the LD group; however, resolution time for both drive groups did not differ for the AV-AV and DAP-AV conflicts, but was significantly faster for the AP-AP conflict. It was concluded that manifest anxiety was inversely related to performance in complex conflict situations, and several areas of follow up research were indicated.     

Gambling and Delay Discounting in Japanese Students

The present study examined the relationship between gambling behavior and delay discounting with Japanese residents. Japanese university students were selected into pathological gambler and non‐gambling control groups using a Japanese version of the South Oaks Gambling Screen. In a discounting task, participants chose individually between a large delayed reward and a smaller immediate reward with varied delays. The discounting rate (k‐value) and the area under the curve were significantly higher and smaller, respectively, for the gambler group than for the control group. These findings show that Japanese gamblers discount delayed rewards more steeply than non‐gambling controls, as has been found in U.S. residents.     

情绪冲突：一个新的研究主题

情绪冲突是心理学中一个新的研究主题,相关研究主要源自认知冲突的研究。本文分三部分对情绪冲突进行了介绍,包括：（1）情绪冲突的溯源,概括介绍了认知冲突领域的研究情况;（2）与情绪冲突有关的行为研究,包括采用情绪Stroop范式、词－面孔Stroop范式、情绪启动范式和情绪Flanker范式等进行的研究;（3）情绪冲突的脑成像研究,主要包括情绪冲突的检测和解决的脑机制。未来的研究,需要广泛借鉴认知冲突的研究范式,对情绪冲突发生的条件、影响因素、动态变化及相应的神经机制进行深入研究,并结合对情绪障碍（如抑郁症和焦虑症）患者的考察,将基础研究转化为实际应用     

The absence of numbers to express the amount may affect delay discounting with humans

Human delay discounting is usually studied with experimental protocols that use symbols to express delay and amount. In order to further understand discounting, we evaluated whether the absence of numbers to represent reward amounts affects discount rate in general, and whether the magnitude effect is generalized to nonsymbolic situations in particular. In Experiment 1, human participants were exposed to a delay‐discounting task in which rewards were presented using dots to represent monetary rewards (nonsymbolic); under this condition the magnitude effect did not occur. Nevertheless, the magnitude effect was observed when equivalent reward amounts were presented using numbers (symbolic). Moreover, in estimation tasks, magnitude increments produced underestimation of large amounts. In Experiment 2, participants were exposed only to the nonsymbolic discounting task and were required to estimate reward amounts in each trial. Consistent with Experiment 1, the absence of numbers representing reward amounts produced similar discount rates of small and large rewards. These results suggest that value of nonsymbolic rewards is a nonlinear function of amount and that value attribution depends on perceived difference between the immediate and the delayed nonsymbolic rewards.     

Social discounting of pain

Impatience can be formalized as a delay discount rate, describing how the subjective value of reward decreases as it is delayed. By analogy, selfishness can be formalized as a social discount rate, representing how the subjective value of rewarding another person decreases with increasing social distance. Delay and social discount rates for reward are correlated across individuals. However no previous work has examined whether this relationship also holds for aversive outcomes. Neither has previous work described a functional form for social discounting of pain in humans. This is a pertinent question, since preferences over aversive outcomes formally diverge from those for reward. We addressed this issue in an experiment in which healthy adult participants (N = 67) chose the timing and intensity of hypothetical pain for themselves and others. In keeping with previous studies, participants showed a strong preference for immediate over delayed pain. Participants showed greater concern for pain in close others than for their own pain, though this hyperaltruism was steeply discounted with increasing social distance. Impatience for pain and social discounting of pain were weakly correlated across individuals. Our results extend a link between impatience and selfishness to the aversive domain.     

DISCOUNTING OF DELAYED REWARDS:

Abstract— In this study, children, young adults, and older adults chose between immediate and delayed hypothetical monetary rewards The amount of the delayed reward was held constant while its delay was varied All three age groups showed delay discounting, that is, the amount of an immediate reward judged to be of equal value to the delayed reward decreased as a function of delay The rate of discounting was highest for children and lowest for older adults, predicting a life-span developmental trend toward increased selfcontrol Discounting of delayed rewards by all three age groups was well described by a single function with agesensitive parameters (all R²s>94) Thus, even though there are quantitative age differences in delay discounting, the existence of an age-invanant form of discount function suggests that the process of choosing between rewards of different amounts and delays is qualitatively similar across the life span     

自由飞行下冲突告警对管制员冲突探测绩效的影响

自由飞行是未来空中交通管理系统的设计理念, 会影响管制员的飞行冲突探测绩效, 为其提供自动化的冲突告警是主要的应对思路。已有研究主要围绕冲突告警的通道类型、可靠性、提前呈现时间等单一属性展开, 发现冲突告警的通道类型、可靠性对管制员冲突探测绩效的影响与传统的自动化研究结果存在不一致之处。指出未来在实验中纳入冲突化解任务, 进行冲突告警多属性的整合研究, 有助于解释这些不一致之处、为冲突告警的设计提供更有效的指导。     

Smokers discount their drug of abuse in the same way as other consumable rewards

Recent research shows that drug abusers discount delayed monetary rewards more than nonabusers do, and they discount delayed substances of abuse (e.g., drugs) more than delayed money. Furthermore, non-drug-abusers discount food and substances of abuse (e.g., alcohol), more than money. Here, we compare the delay and probability discounting of money with that of a directly consumable reward (chocolate) and with that of a substance of abuse (cigarettes), in a drug-using population (smokers). In line with previous research, we found in two experiments that delay discounting differentiated between smokers and nonsmokers, and between money and a nonabused directly consumable reward (chocolate). In addition, our results show that there appears to be no difference in the extent to which smokers discount their abused substance compared to another directly consumable reward. These findings support the contention that drugs and food are part of the same category of primary reinforcers, whereas money is discounted differently, as a conditioned reinforcer.