异种器官移植研究中的生命伦理学思考

异种器官移植作为解决移植器官严重短缺问题的潜在途径,引发了诸多争论和关注,因而提出运用生命伦理学的原则,重新认识和评价异种器官移植,旨在对其研究进行规范.     

国外有关异种移植与伦理学的讨论

今天,医学界的许多问题已经在公众调查方面很公开了。异种移植在成为一种临床治疗手段后,势必也将带来激烈的讨论。国外有关这一方面的讨论较多,主要集中在以下几个方面。在60年代早期,外科医生尝试了用黑猩猩和狒狒的肾、心及肝进行异种移植,早期的研究工作多集中在异种移植的技术可行性及操作过程。在当时,有关异种移植的伦理学问题尚未提出。1984年,在Ｂａｉｌｅｙ及其同事完成了一例狒狒心脏移植到一新生儿体内后,伦理学的问题如“一石激起千层浪”,顿时在美国医学界引起争论。在那时,由于缺少供体,所以在器官短缺的前提下,有关伦理学的…     

跨物种感染是伦理上无关的吗？

目前没有确定的证据表明异种移植是安全的还是危险的。考察了关于跨物种感染的科学和哲学争论,总结出关于“跨物种感染是伦理上无关的”正反论证,提出自己的反论证。最后得出结论:跨物种感染不是伦理上无关的。并且,由于跨物种感染蕴藏的对公众的潜在的巨大风险,新的全球生命伦理学研究范式和涉及人体研究的新的伦理框架需要进一步研究。     

跨物种感染是伦理上无关的吗?

目前没有确定的证据表明异种移植是安全的还是危险的.考察了关于跨物种感染的科学和哲学争论,总结出关于"跨物种感染是伦理上无关的"正反论证,提出自己的反论证.最后得出结论:跨物种感染不是伦理上无关的.并且,由于跨物种感染蕴藏的对公众的潜在的巨大风险,新的全球生命伦理学研究范式和涉及人体研究的新的伦理框架需要进一步研究.     

关于异种器官移植的问题

随着器官移植的广泛开展,器官短缺的问题日渐突出,８０年代末起异种器官移植的应用引起人们的重视,并形成热潮。但研究表明,克服异种移植排斥非易事,异种器官移植可能引起的病毒性疾病的传播,以及异种器官分子不相容性造成的种属屏障,都使异种器官移植的前景难料。     

异种移植的法律问题思考

同种供器官、供组织短缺已越来越明显,异种移植为最终解决这一世界性难题提供了可能。作为高新医学技术,异种移植有利有弊,如何正确认识与对待异种移植可能带来的法律问题,包括人权、动物的权利、安全性问题以及有关的刑事犯罪等方面,是本文将要探讨的。     

异种器官移植及其伦理问题

目前,开展的异种移植研究主要以猪为供体源,面临的主要障碍是宿主抗移植物的免疫排斥反应(超急性排斥、急性排斥和慢性排斥)和猪内源性反转录病毒感染,并已取得一定进展.但异种移植引发的伦理问题也不容忽视,主要有跨物种感染、卫生资源分配、动物的权利和人格同一性等问题.     

异种移植的伦理法律问题探析

从异种器官移植发展的现状和有利条件出发,分析社会各界在异种器官移植问题上形成的人体器官范围如何界定、安全性、社会伦理、动物权利保护等几大争论焦点;积极借鉴国外在异种器官移植方面关于安全性规范、动物权利保护等问题上先进的法律制度。最后,提出进一步发展我国异种器官移植的建议,一方面,要完善我国异种器官移植安全性法律规范,成立专门机构并健全器官准入制度和监督机制;另一方面,要明确相关的违约、侵权法律责任。     

裸鼠肿瘤模型建立及应用中的几种辩证关系

裸鼠肿瘤模型建立及应用中的几种辩证关系北京医科大学人民医院（１０００３４）李文锦,吕文英人类肿瘤异种移植已有近百年的历史,然而只是在１９６９年Ｒｙｇａａｒｄ首次报道人癌在裸鼠上移植成功后,［１］肿瘤移植才有了突飞猛进的发展。由于遗传突变的先天性免疫缺...     

器官移植伦理

正将具有活力的人体器官、组织或细胞用手术或其他方法移植于自体或他体所应遵循的伦理规范,亦称脏器移植伦理,是生命伦理学的分支。根据供者和受者遗传基因的差异,器官移植可分类为自体移植、同质移植、同种移植和异种移植。器官移植伦理是器官移植技术与社会文化、伦理观念的凝结,它以生命伦理的原则     

The tortuous route from genes to behavior: A neuroconstructivist approach

In their excitement at using the human genome project to uncover the functions of specific genes, researchers have often ignored one fundamental factor: the gradual process of ontogenetic development. The view that there might be a gene for spatial cognition or language has emanated from a focus on the structure of the adult brain in neuropsychological patients whose brains were fully and normally developed until their brain insult. The developing brain is very different. It starts out highly interconnected across regions and is neither localized nor specialized at birth, allowing interaction with the environment to play an important role in gene expression and the ultimate cognitive phenotype. This article takes a neuro constructivist perspective, arguing that domain-specific end states can stem from more domain-general start states, that associations may turn out to be as informative as dissociations, and that genetic mutations that alter the trajectory of ontogenetic development can inform nature/nurture debates.     

The analyst's excitement in the analysis of perversion

The author believes that unconscious sexual excitement in the transference and countertransference is an especially problematic aspect of the analysis of perverse character pathology and that perverse sexual gratifi cation deserves a more prominent position in the clinical theory of analyzing perversion than that which has been assigned tacitly through analysts' routine focus on the defensive and destructive dynamics of perversion. He presents clinical material from the analysis of a perverse patient that illustrates the role of excitement in the transference perversion established in this analysis; and he asserts that gratifying perverse enactments occurring in the transference perversion can appear not only as conscious or unconscious excitement in the transference but also, at times most clearly, as the analyst's excitement. The author suggests that using a clinical theory that supports the analyst in understanding his excited responses as perverse countertransferences-i.e. evoked excitement complementary to the sexual component of a perverse transference-will assist him in locating and thinking about gratifying, perverse excitement in the transference where it is most usefully analyzed. Finally, he discusses some of the reasons why analysts might deny, suppress or otherwise avoid perverse countertransferences and in so doing contribute to sustaining perverse resistances.     

Sadomasochism, sexual excitement, and perversion

Sadomasochism, an ingredient of infantile sexuality, is an essential part of normal sexual functioning and love relations, and of the very nature of sexual excitement. Sadomasochistic elements are also present in all sexual perversions. Sadomasochism starts out as the potential for erotic masochism in both sexes, and represents a very early capacity to link aggression with the libidinal elements of sexual excitement. Sexual excitement may be considered a basic affect that overcomes primitive splitting of love and hatred. Erotic desire is a more mature form of sexual excitement. Psychoanalytic exploration makes it possible to uncover the unconscious components of sexual excitement: wishes for symbiotic fusion and for aggressive penetration and intermingling; bisexual identifications; the desire to transgress oedipal prohibitions and the secretiveness of the primal scene, and to violate the boundaries of a teasing and withholding object. The relation between these wishes and the development of erotic idealization processes in both sexes is explored in the context of a critical review of the pertinent psychoanalytic literature.     

The effects of familial risk, personality, and expectancies on alcohol use and abuse

This study tested a structural model of the association between familial risk, personality risk, alcohol expectancies, and alcohol abuse in a sample of 224 young adult offspring of alcoholics and 209 offspring of nonalcoholics. The results provided support for 2 personality-risk pathways, a social deviance proneness and an excitement/pleasure seeking path, that accounted for a significant portion of the association between a familial alcoholism and alcohol abuse. The path from familial alcoholism to social deviance proneness lead directly to alcohol problems. The path from familial alcoholism to excitement/pleasure seeking was associated with increased drinking, which, in turn, was associated with alcohol problems. Positive alcohol expectancies accounted for part of the association between excitement seeking and alcohol use. The results suggest 2 different biopsychosocial mechanisms that elevate risk for abuse in the offspring of alcoholics.     

The association of idealization and intimacy factors with condom use in gay male couples

The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship of idealization and three specific intimacy factors (relationship satisfaction, excitement, and closeness) to reported condom use in gay male couples. It was expected that there would be negative associations of idealization and the intimacy factors with condom use. Both members of 45 gay male couples completed a questionnaire that assessed these factors. This study found (a) idealization to have a significant negative correlation with condom use, suggesting that the more the individuals idealized each other, the less likely that condoms were used during sex; (b) a significant negative association between relationship satisfaction and condom use, implying that as the couples experienced more satisfaction within their relationships, condom use decreased; (c) a significant negative correlation between excitement and condom use, suggesting that as excitement increased, condom use decreased; and (d) no significant association between closeness and condom use.     

The contextual and systematic nature of life satisfaction judgments

Five studies were conducted to examine the nature of life satisfaction judgments. When the category of “excitement” was made accessible experimentally, individuals based their life satisfaction judgments more heavily on the frequency of excitement, in comparison to a “peaceful” condition in Study 1 and to both “neutral priming” and “no-priming” conditions in Study 2. A 7-day diary study (Study 3) showed that as “excitement” became naturally more accessible on weekends, the correlations between excitement and daily satisfaction also increased significantly. Study 3 thus illustrated a systematic contextual shift in the bases of life satisfaction judgments. Study 4 showed that high sensation seekers, for whom “excitement” should be chronically accessible, based their life satisfaction judgments more heavily on the frequency of excitement than did low sensation seekers. Finally, Study 5 demonstrated that the chronic accessibility of “excitement” measured at Time 1 predicted the degree to which individuals based their life satisfaction judgments on the frequency of excitement at Time 2. Altogether, these five studies highlight the contextually sensitive, yet systematic nature of life satisfaction judgments.     

AN ESSAY ON BEAUTY: SOME IMPLICATIONS OF BEAUTY IN THE NATURAL WORLD

Abstract. The beauty of the universe presented by modern science under the positivist approach is regarded as sufficiently great that human contemplative capabilities are exceeded. An example of bottom-up viewing is presented and described as capable of producing levels of excitement best described as dangerous neurological storms. The existential quiescence resulting from apprehension of so much grandeur is discussed. It is suggested that our religious propensities need extensive rehabilitation and that appreciation of the beauty revealed by the positivists is likely to result in a cosmic paradigm shift that could destabilize traditional views of human identity.     

Disgust in Emotion Theory,Development, and Clinical Work: A Discussion of Josephs

Disgust is one of the primal emotions described by Darwin and strongly influences human motivation, behavior, and psychopathology. Disgust has sensory aspects, but when combined with certain cognitions it can take on moral implications. Although the biological source of disgust is protection from harmful substances, it can be manipulated to achieve political ends. Disgust combined with lust can sometimes lead to heightened sexual excitement. Disgust reactions may also be a defensive denial of our hidden desires. Psychotherapists must be careful to distinguish their own disgust reactions from the patient’s lovemap. In couples therapy, disgust reactions and mutual shaming processes can be clarified and restructured.     

The Times We Sizzle,and the Times We Sigh: The Multiple Erotics of Arousal,Anticipation, and Release

This paper explores the perspective that an optimal degree of sexual frustration is an absolutely necessary and irreducible dimension of sexual excitement and pleasure. The pleasure, in fact, is predicated on actual enjoyment of the frustration, of being able to tolerate mounting bodily arousal, excitement, and tension without any guarantee of immediate satisfaction and release. The author explores the particular object relational implications of this unique aspect of sexual experience, elaborating a model that suggests two different interacting but separate subsystems of erotic fantasy, in interaction with very different self/ other configurations. The first of these self/other organizations is organized and defined by moments of sexual arousal and yearning, whereas the second occurs around those defined by satisfaction, pleasure, and release. An extended clinical example is provided.