异种器官移植的伦理学思考

异种器官移植的伦理学思考湖南医科大学肿瘤研究所９７级博士生（长沙４１００７８）任彩萍专业导师姚开泰哲学指导贺达仁一、异种器官移植研究的必要性Ｍｕｎａｙ于１９５４年成功地进行了第一例人工肾移植手术,标志着人体器官移植过去５０年探索、实验准备阶段的结束,...     

关于异种器官移植的问题

随着器官移植的广泛开展,器官短缺的问题日渐突出,８０年代末起异种器官移植的应用引起人们的重视,并形成热潮。但研究表明,克服异种移植排斥非易事,异种器官移植可能引起的病毒性疾病的传播,以及异种器官分子不相容性造成的种属屏障,都使异种器官移植的前景难料。     

国外有关异种移植与伦理学的讨论

今天,医学界的许多问题已经在公众调查方面很公开了。异种移植在成为一种临床治疗手段后,势必也将带来激烈的讨论。国外有关这一方面的讨论较多,主要集中在以下几个方面。在60年代早期,外科医生尝试了用黑猩猩和狒狒的肾、心及肝进行异种移植,早期的研究工作多集中在异种移植的技术可行性及操作过程。在当时,有关异种移植的伦理学问题尚未提出。1984年,在Ｂａｉｌｅｙ及其同事完成了一例狒狒心脏移植到一新生儿体内后,伦理学的问题如“一石激起千层浪”,顿时在美国医学界引起争论。在那时,由于缺少供体,所以在器官短缺的前提下,有关伦理学的…     

异种移植研究刍议

现代科学技术的发展已经并正在给人类展示一个互相矛盾的事实一方面是人类社会的巨大进步,社会生活的极大提高。核能利用、转基因作物、器官移植、动物克隆等等,无一不让人类充分享受到现代科技带来的种种利益和好处;另一方面是人类生存危机前所未有的加深。怎样理性的评判现代科技对人类的影响,摆脱其发展对社会所造成的两难困境,是一个必须解决的难题。以异种移植研究为例,探究科学技术的可持续发展道路。     

异种移植研究刍议

现代科学技术的发展已经并正在给人类展示一个互相矛盾的事实:一方面是人类社会的巨大进步,社会生活的极大提高.核能利用、转基因作物、器官移植、动物克隆等等,无一不让人类充分享受到现代科技带来的种种利益和好处;另一方面是人类生存危机前所未有的加深.怎样理性的评判现代科技对人类的影响,摆脱其发展对社会所造成的两难困境,是一个必须解决的难题.以异种移植研究为例,探究科学技术的可持续发展道路.     

异种器官移植研究中的生命伦理学思考

异种器官移植作为解决移植器官严重短缺问题的潜在途径,引发了诸多争论和关注,因而提出运用生命伦理学的原则,重新认识和评价异种器官移植,旨在对其研究进行规范.     

异种移植的法律问题思考

同种供器官、供组织短缺已越来越明显,异种移植为最终解决这一世界性难题提供了可能。作为高新医学技术,异种移植有利有弊,如何正确认识与对待异种移植可能带来的法律问题,包括人权、动物的权利、安全性问题以及有关的刑事犯罪等方面,是本文将要探讨的。     

异种器官移植试验性治疗的伦理研究

在对基因编辑猪器官移植试验性治疗伦理评估基础上,提出建构试验性治疗的伦理规范能保障患者利益、避免医患冲突、减少器官捐献的伦理问题和有利于医学科学知识的进步。但是,临床研究和临床治疗区分方式导致试验性治疗伦理规范的缺失,通过“同情使用”的简单条件规范并不能指导异种器官移植试验性治疗。因此,从临床研究和临床治疗整合基础上提出异种器官移植试验性治疗的伦理框架,希望为以后异种器官移植试验性治疗伦理规范的完善提供基础。     

关于睾丸移植的伦理学讨论

随着器官移植技术的发展 ,为解决男性不育及性功能障碍等疾患 ,睾丸移植应运而生。但是睾丸作为精子的生成器官 ,其移植比其他器官的移植更为敏感 ,也更易于引发伦理学问题 ,本文在简要介绍国内外睾丸移植研究进展的基础上 ,重点对睾丸移植的生命伦理学问题加以探讨。1　国内外睾丸移植的发展及现状从 1889年Brown -Sequard将一只 2岁龄狗的睾丸提取液注射到自己体内寻求返老还童以来 ,睾丸移植已经经过了一个多世纪的发展历程 ,先后经历了睾丸组织种植 ,吻合血管的自体、同种异体睾丸移植和睾丸间质细胞移植等几个探索过程和发展阶段。尤…     

利用死刑犯处决后的器官供移植在伦理学上能否得到辩护

一种做法推行以后,也许由于惯性的缘故,人们往往不再对它进行反思,即使有人对它进行质疑,第一反应也往往倾向于对它进行辩护,而不想另辟蹊径。尽管有可能另辟的蹊径比现行的惯例更好,当然“范式”的转换未免会带来一些不便或麻烦。这种心理状态也许是“人性”使然吧...     

关于胚胎干细胞研究的一场伦理之争

关于“人兔细胞融合”的伦理之争,主要围绕“人兔细胞融合”实验是否违背伦理,要不要经过知情同意,以及科学技术与伦理道德的关系等问题而进行。这场讨论是正常的,健康的,有益的,倘能加以认真总结,将有助于推进学术争鸣。     

The Logic of The Goldhagen Debate

Since Daniel J. Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners: Ordinary Germans and the Holocaustattempts to show that the Holocaust is explicable and can be understood largely in terms of a single cause, “eliminationist anti-Semitism”, it is not surprising that the book has generated an international debate. What is surprising is the magnitude and emotional intensity of the debate. This article argues that the deepest flaws in it Hitler's Willing Executioners,as well as the chasm of disagreement between Goldhagen's detractors and defenders, have as much to do with reasoning and concepts as with matters of fact. It concludes that Goldhagen's central argument is stronger than many of his critics claim, but that the inadequacy of his cognitive interpretation of anti-Semitism and his unexamined psychological assumptions weaken his attempt to explain the Holocaust. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Animal spare parts? A Canadian public consultation on xenotransplantation

Xenotransplantation, or the use of animal cells, tissues and organs for humans, has been promoted as an important solution to the worldwide shortage of organs. While scientific studies continue to be done to address problems of rejection and the possibility of animal-to-human virus transfer, socio-ethical and legal questions have also been raised around informed consent, life-long monitoring, animal welfare and animal rights, and appropriate regulatory practices. Many calls have also been made to consult publics before policy decisions are made. This paper describes the Canadian public consultation process on xenotransplantation carried out by the Canadian Public Health Association in an arm’s length process from Health Canada, the ministry overseeing government health policy and regulation. Focusing on six citizen fora conducted around the country patterned after the citizen jury deliberative approach, the paper describes the citizen panelists’ recommendations to hold off on proceeding with clinical trials and the rationales behind this recommendation. The consultation process is discussed in the context of constructive technology assessment, a framework which argues for broader input into earlier stages of technology innovation, particularly at the technology design stage. This study was supported by a grant to the first author from the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council in Canada.     

The Moral Dilemmas Debate, Deontic Logic, and the Impotence of Argument

In this paper I argue for modesty concerning what theoretical reason can accomplish in the moral dilemmas debate. Specifically, I contend that philosophers' conclusions for or against moral dilemmas are driven less by rational argument and more by how the moral world intuitively appears to them.I support this thesis by first considering an argument against moral dilemmas, the argument from deontic logic, and showing that its persuasive force depends on one's having already accepted its conclusion. I then make a different, and general, case that any argument in the moral dilemmas debate concerning the defeasibility of conflicting obligations can be marginalized by making not-unreasonable adjustments in the conditions for wrongdoing.These two strands of argument are related by the notion of inescapable wrongdoing. It is our standing intuitions about inescapable wrongdoing which make the relevant deontic logical principles plausible or implausible to us. And whether wrongdoing can be inescapable is central to deciding what the conditions for wrongdoing are. My conclusion is that the arguments in the moral dilemmas debate merely implement whatever standing intuition we have concerning inescapable wrongdoing, and that apart from any such intuition the arguments are unpersuasive.     

Transplantation: Biomedical and Ethical Concerns Raised by the Cloning and Stem-Cell Debate

Transplantation is becoming an increasingly more common approach to treatment of diseases of organ failure, making organ donation an important means of saving lives. Most world religions find organ donation for the purpose of transplantation to be acceptable, and some even encourage members to donate their organs as a gift of love to others. Recent developments, including artificial organs, transplants from nonhuman species, use of stem cells, and cloning, are impacting the field of transplantation. These new approaches should be discussed with bioethical considerations in mind, particularly the notion of human beings as a unity of body and spirit.     

态度及其与行为模式述评

态度一直是社会心理学的核心问题,态度对于预测行为具有重要作用。本文阐述了态度的界定、态度的结构模型及态度预测行为模型的各种理论,在这些理论的基础上,提出了态度预测行为的另一模型。