社会科学概念形成过程中外显与内隐学习的比较研究

以真实的社会科学概念为假设检验模型,研究中学生的社会科学概念形成过程及其中的外显和内隐学习。结果表明中学生社会科学概念形成是一个渐进的过程,内隐学习和外显学习的趋势和效率无显著差异。本研究未发现明显的高原期和突变期。     

自然科学概念形成过程中外显与内隐学习的比较

本研究选取真实的自然科学概念来对概念形成过程及其中的外显与内隐学习进行实验性探索．证明了自然科学概念形成过程中内隐学习的存在;阐释了概念形成过程中内隐学习的效率可与外显学习不相上下;揭示了真实的自然科学概念形成过程是由渐进期——高原期——突变期三个阶段构成的．不论外显学习还是内隐学习,接近真理的路径十分相似,并且没有显著的性别差异;此外还发现自然科学概念的内隐学习可以有效地用语言启动。本研究结果对心理学和自然科学教学均有理论价值与实践意义。     

不同认知方式的大学生概念形成过程的研究

本研究以不同认知方式(场独立型和场依存型)的大学生为被试，探询不同认知方式概念形成的趋势和特点。结果表明场独立概念形成的趋势是渐进——突变；场依存概念形成是渐进式的。同时揭示了人工概念形成过程和真实的科学概念形成过程的异同。     

概念形成渐进—突变过程的实验性探索

本研究用汉字笔划和英文字母组成假设检验模型,以72名中国大学生和72名美国大学生为被试,探索概念形成的过程。 实验结果通过制作文生曲线和直线回归分析发现:概念形成过程的总趋势是一个渐进—突变过程,即先渐进,后突变,无明显高原现象。     

论“反映”范畴的三次转换

(一) “反映”——作为马克思主义认识论的一个具有总体性意义的范畴,有其特定的形成过程,并处于不断的变化和演进之中。今天,“反映”范畴已经历经了从具体科学概念到哲学概念、从旧唯物主义哲学概念到辩证唯物主义概念的历史转换,并正面临向现代形式的再次转换。     

影响中学生成就动机的因素分析

1问题提出自本世纪三十年代H．A．Murray提出成就需要（needtoachievement）概念以来，成就动机的研究一直是人们感兴趣的课题。特别是近年来在我国教育心理学界出现的有关“非智力因素”的大讨论，更显出对成就动机研究的重要性了。尽管在我国已经发表了较多的关于成就动机的理论文章和实证性的研究报告，但这些文献大都集中在一般成人、大学生和儿童成就动机的研究上，而没有对中学生的成就动机进行过有关研究。事实上，中学阶段是人生的一个十分重要的转折时期；在这一时期，中学生心理的各种非智力因素都开始形成并逐渐稳定下来，特别…     

科学中问题的结构与问题逻辑

“问题”是科学认识论与方法论中的极其重要的范畴。我在《问题·科学问题·科学目标》一文(载《百科知识》1987年第11期)中,曾对“问题”以及有关概念作出如下定义:问题——某个给定过程的当前状态与智能主体(人或机器)所要求的目标状态之间存在的差距;问题求解——设法消除给定过程的当前状态与所要求的目标状态之间的差距;疑难(Puzzle)——求     

校长如何利用磨课引领教师做研修——“三段两反思”磨课研修心得

一、问题的提出 1．课程改革需要教师提高自己专业水平才能适应教学改革。2．教师方面：教师专业化发展的重点是青年教师,难是处于“高原状态”的中老年教师。个别教师出现了心理学上所说的“高原期”。而部分青年教师中出现了重结果而轻过程、重体力而轻效率的倾向。     

高科技中的科学伦理问题

一、概念说明“科学伦理”在目前尚是一个内涵外延都不清晰、容易引起误会且有争议的概念。人们可以把这个概念理解为是专门针对科学家及技术专家而提出的道德要求,从而探讨了科学家作为个人应当担负的道德责任(参见李文潮、王国豫),也可以将其解释为“是把通常的道德标准应用于科学中某些出现了问题的理论与领域,特别是科学中的应用范围、科学与社会的联系、科学的组织与机构等等”(Lenk,1991,S.16;1992,S.7-13、53-75);最近的一期德国《哲学信息》(Information Philoso-phie,2005年第2期)报道,德国高校界有影响的科学活动家密特斯特拉斯…     

“物质”概念

我刊近期就“物质”概念展开的讨论揭示了比以前更加丰富多彩的关于物质的内容和定义的观点(参见《关于“物质”概念的定义》,载《哲学科学》1989年第12期;1990年第2期)。看来,应当承认,哲学家们在这个问题上的见解大相胫庭是合情合理的。思想上的停滞状态(一潭死水)反而是不正常的。什么是“第一性的”:是物质还是世界观?这个问题同样值得注意。物质概念并不给人先验东西,个人的世界观并不是从它开始形成的,而且远不是在每一个个人的世界观中都有这个概念。但是,如果已经有了,那么它首先表现为独立认识世界的结果。这就是说,在个人     

The Racial School Climate Gap: Within-School Disparities in Students’ Experiences of Safety,Support, and Connectedness

This study used student and teacher survey data from over 400 middle schools in California to examine within‐school racial disparities in students’ experiences of school climate. It further examined the relationship between a school’s racial climate gaps and achievement gaps and other school structures and norms that may help explain why some schools have larger or smaller racial disparities in student reports of climate than others. Multilevel regression results problematized the concept of a “school climate” by showing that, in an average middle school, Black and Hispanic students have less favorable experiences of safety, connectedness, relationships with adults, and opportunities for participation compared to White students. The results also show that certain racial school climate gaps vary in magnitude across middle schools, and in middle schools where these gaps are larger, the racial achievement gap is also larger. Finally, the socioeconomic status of students, student–teacher ratio, and geographic location help explain some cross‐school variation in racial climate gaps. These findings have implications for how school climate in conceptualized, measured, and improved.     

School Families: Implementation and Evaluation of a Middle School Prevention Program

The authors describe a school prevention program called School Families that emphasizes normal developmental needs of middle school students. In addition, the results of an in-depth qualitative evaluation of the program are presented. The School Families groups comprised middle school students, teachers, and adults from the university and community who meet weekly during the school day to process issues related to academic performance, decision making, self-esteem, and social skills. On the basis of written narratives, individual interviews, and focus-group discussions, the 35 participants (12 middle school students, 14 teachers, and 9 university students) reported that the School Families program largely had a beneficial influence on them.     

小学教师科学素养的调查研究

为了解大连地区小学教师科学素养的现状,采用自编调查问卷对265名大连市城乡小学教师进行了调查研究。结果表明:1)本、专科学历小学教师的科学素养明显高于中专学历的教师;2)小学教师较好地掌握了小学水平的科学知识,但对中学以上水平的科学知识掌握较差;3)教师的科学素养水平没有表现出随教龄的增长而提高。     

Children's Understanding of Lies in Elementary School Years

The author examined whether children's understanding of lies exhibits developmental trends in the elementary school years. Four story contexts were presented to 51 first-grade students, 44 fourth-grade students, and 58 adults. These stories represented combinations of a protagonist's intention (truthful or deceptive) and the truth of the protagonist's message (true or false). The results showed that adults judged whether these messages were lies by considering the protagonist's intentions. By contrast, approximately 30% of first-grade students and some fourth-grade students did not consider intentions in making judgments, although they appropriately predicted the outcomes of the messages. These results suggest that children in the early elementary school years have a conception of lies different from that of adults, and their conception of lies becomes more sophisticated after middle childhood.     

工读学校学生转换能力实验研究

研究采用马萨诸塞顺序行为实验、数字转换和局部一整体图形转换三项转换任务,以同龄初中生与工读学校学生为被试进行比较,结果表明两者之间存在显著差异。工读学校学生的转换反应时长于普通学生,这显示出工读学校学生转换能力存在不足,同时,也表明他们的执行功能低于普通生并有显著差异。     

不同心理一致感初中生对压力的态度激活研究

该研究采用不同加工任务的间接测量方法,探讨不同心理一致感水平初中生对压力的外显认知倾向和内隐态度激活程度。结果表明:1)初中生较为稳定的积极认识和反应倾向在他们关于压力的外显认知加工中起了更为显著的作用;2)不同加工方式的虚惊率差异表明存在着初中生对压力情境的内隐态度,且这种无意识认知较为消极。     

从毕生发展的角度看个体分类倾向的两次转变——材料的生命性和可操作性的作用

研究从毕生发展的视角考察了个体分类倾向的发展轨迹,并探讨任务材料内容可能对其产生的影响。选取幼儿园、小学、中学、大学和中老年个体各30名作为研究对象,记录他们面对不同的分类材料(有/无生命、高/低可操作性)的分类倾向。结果表明个体的分类倾向经历了两次转变:(1)进入小学后主题分类倾向逐渐降低,并在2、3年级时最低;(2)进入中学之后,个体逐渐恢复对主题分类倾向的偏好,中学和大学的个体面对含有生命体或是可操作性高的材料会比面对非生命体或可操作性低的材料时,更倾向于使用主题分类的策略。这一结果表明,个体对不同材料内容的分类倾向的发展轨迹存在差异,研究结果有助于理解个体概念组织的形成和发展过程。     

我国青少年学生观念现代性的研究

本研究采用英克尔斯编制的ＯＭ—１２量表（修订）,测查了重庆、兰州、广州等地城乡７７４名中小学生观念的现代化水平。结果发现：我国青少年观念处于中等现代化水平;不同城市和城乡等生活环境对小学五年级和初中二年级学生观念现代性的影响极为显著,但对高二学生的影响不显著;性别对观念现代性的影响不显著。     

A longitudinal study of school connectedness and academic outcomes across sixth grade

The current longitudinal study examines the extent to which school connectedness (i.e., students' perceptions of school support and the number of adults with whom they have a positive relationship) is associated with academic outcomes across sixth grade for students from high poverty neighborhoods. Data were collected from 330 sixth-grade students attending two middle schools in a large public school district. Specifically, students completed a survey to assess their perceived connection to the school environment, and academic information regarding students' grades, attendance, and discipline referrals was obtained from school records. Results from latent growth curve modeling showed that, on average, students' perceptions of school support declined significantly across the sixth-grade year. However, students who reported less decline, or growth, in school support across sixth grade had higher academic achievement at the end of the year than students who reported more decline in school support. Sixth-grade boys were at a greater risk for negative outcomes (i.e., lower school support, lower GPAs, and more discipline referrals) across the school year than girls. Results point to the importance of perceived connectedness to school in helping economically disadvantaged students experience a safe and successful transition to middle school.