LES RAPPORTS ENTRE LE LANGAGE ET LA PENSÉE POINT DE VUE d'UN LINGUISTE

The author first wonders whether it was necessary to re-examine now the old problem of the relations between language and thought, as they are still too much related to traditional philosophical formulations, even among psychologists. He gives the reasons why, since Whitney, the scientific linguists, because of their epistemological prudence, voluntarily discarded this problem which they were not armed to study. Then he surveys some of the issues which, after a century of healthy anti-mentalistic views, an interdisciplinary scientific study could presently approach in a more valid and less ambitious experimental frame of work: thought without language, Whorf's hypothesis, relations between language and “splitting of the world”, lessons from experiences of translators, learning of language and pathology of language. Eventually, even though he seems to be avoiding it, he outlines the very complex problem of evaluating the still altogether unstructured draft of model with which Chomsky proposes to explain the relations between language and thought. The validity of this model is related to epistemological presuppositions and to a use of the notion of hypothetical-deductive models which it is difficult, but necessary to scrutinize at first.     

PERCEPTION DE SOI ET PERCEPTION d'AUTRUI CHEZ LES ADOLESCENTS

Mille lycéens, des deux sexes, de 14 à 18 ans, ont passé un questionnaire destiné à mettre en évidence les stéréotypes qui sont associés à L'image qu'ils ont d'eux-mêmes, de leur groupe et du sexe opposé. On compare chez les adolescents français les réponses selon le sexe d'une part, selon L'origine socio-géographique (Paris-Province) d'autre part. Enfin, les adolescents français sont comparés à des adolescents grecs (Athènes). Les résultats font apparaître des différences dans la manière dont les individus réagissent à L'ambiguïté du statut de L'adolescence : les adolescents français réagissent par une contestation du monde des adultes, les adolescents grecs par un désir d'intégration. d'autre part, on constate une différence entre les sexes dans L'échantillon français : L'adolescent est perçu comme ayant des traits de caractère qui lui permettent de s'affirmer; au contraire, L'adolescente semble ne disposer que de traits de caractère qui la maintiennent dans la dépendance de L'homme. Néanmoins, malgré ces différences, la visée des adolescents étudiés demeure la même : la reconnaissance de leur existence sociale.     

COMPETENCES A COMMUNIQUER ET RELATIONS PRIVILEGIEES ENTRE ENFANTS: COMPARAISON ENTRE DEUX GROUPES D'AGE*

The purpose of this study is to analyse the specificity of interactions between preschool friends, whose relationships are built on a voluntary and stable choice of a particular partner. The sample consisted of 18 unisexual triads of children aged 3 to 4 years (9 male and 9 female) from 5 Parisian kindergarten. These triads were compared with 18 others, composed of children aged 4 to 5 years (9 male and 9 female), from a previous study (Werebe et Boudonnière, in press). Each triad was composed of a dyad of friends plus a third familiar partner, all three classmates. The dyads of friends were selected on the basis of the following criteria: (1) a reciprocal and preferential search for one another; (2) a voluntary choice of the friend, without intervention from parents or teachers. The children were videotaped without their knowledge, without adult presence, in a familiar room of their school. The experimental setting was standardized in each of the 5 schools. The experimental paradigm was a variant of the one created by Nadel and Baudonnière (1980, 1982), with an important modification: the ten categories of matching objects were provided in double sets for the three children. Four indices were used for the data analysis: holding and appropriation of objects; offering of objects; competition to hold objects and verbalizations. The findings confirmed the principal hypothesis: that interactions between friends differ from those with the third partner, in both age groups, quantitatively (density of interactions) and qualitatively (reciprocal offerings and verbal communications). Furthermore, the findings revealed that the younger children had more difficulty than the older ones, to manage the triadic situation, especially in this situation with the constraint imposed by the presence of two sets of matching objects for three partners.     

伊斯兰的“黑马”

西方的穆斯林 西方的穆斯林是否将在明天成为伊斯兰文明的“黑马”？我们所说的“黑马”,是指英语中谈到某个人意外获得一场比赛的最终胜利时经常使用的所谓“outsider”一词的涵义,