学习者生成图解对说明文阅读理解和应用的效果

在112名大学生被试阅读难度不同的两种材料并解答相关的理解题和应用题时,按照阅读时是否要求生成图解与答题时是否允许生成图解两个条件将他们平均分为四个小组,探讨阅读画图与答题画图对被试理解和应用不同难度材料的影响。结果表明,阅读时学习者生成的图解可显著促进对难度较高材料的理解;答题时学习者生成的图解可显著促进对难度较低材料的应用;阅读时是否画图与答题时是否画图对理解和应用所学习材料没有显著交互作用。     

大学生的阅读理解监控,阅读理解成绩及其相关因素

该研究选取90名大学生为被试,探索了阅读理解监控,阅读理解成绩及其相关因素。结果发现:大学生的阅读广度,阅读理解效能感和对所阅读材料的熟悉程度对其理解监控水平具有直接的影响作用;大学生的阅读理解监控,阅读广度和阅读材料的难度对其阅读理解成绩具有直接的影响作用;阅读广度同时经由阅读理解监控进而对阅读理解成绩具有间接影响作用。     

高中英语词汇教学方法探究

词汇量的大小是衡量一个学习者外语水平高低的标志。随着新一轮英语教学改革的深入,《英语课程标准》对学生的词汇量提出了更高的要求。《普通高中英语课程标准（实验）》（教育部,2003）对高中学生（7-9级）语言知识目标一词汇知识的描述如下：（1）运用词汇理解和表达不同的功能、意图和态度等（2）在比较复杂的情况下,运用词汇给事物命名,进行指称,描述行为和特征,说明概念等;（3）学会使用4500个左右的单词和一定数量的习惯用语或固定搭配;（4）能根据交际话题、场合和人际关系等相关因素选择较为适当的词语进行交流或表达。作为英语教师,帮助学生闯过词汇关是势在必行。     

不同文化语境与难度下第二语言阅读的眼动追踪研究

用眼动追踪仪对第二语言为英语的20名视力正常大学生阅读不同文化语境与难度英语材料的眼动过程进行了记录。结果发现:1.不同文化语境与难度下大学生英语阅读的理解成绩、阅读速度与阅读效率是有差异的;2.阅读材料的文化语境对大学生英语阅读的眼动模式构成影响,分别影响学生的注视次数、眼跳距离和回视次数;3.英语阅读材料的难度也影响到学生阅读的眼动模式。     

学困生关于材料特征的元认知知识与应用的实验研究

本研究以62名学习困难学生(以下简称差生或学困生)和63名优生为被试,采用三因素混合实验设计,对优差生的阅读元认知知识及其应用特点进行了研究。结果表明：(1)优生对材料组织特征的元认知知识水平显著高于对词汇难度特征的元认知知识水平,而差生不存在显著差异;(2)九年级学生对材料组织特征的元认知知识水平显著高于词汇难度特征的元认知知识水平;其他年级之间没有显著差异;(3)在实际的阅读过程中,优生进行时间分配的人数显著多于学困生;学习困难学生的元认知知识与元认知控制的联系显著弱于优生。     

际的学校需要外教吗？——外籍教师面面观——外教英语教学调查报告

随着全球经济一体化进程的发展,英语在日常生活中的作用越来越重要,作为一种交流工具,越来越多的人不惜花费重金,希望通过学习能够提高自己的英语水平,说一口流利纯正的英语。外教具有充分的语言能力优势与文化背景优势,对于学习者语言能力的提升有非常大的帮助,因此,越来越多的英语学习者把目光投向了外教。     

兴趣对文章理解的作用

研究兴趣对文章理解的作用,其主要目的是：（１）提出一种新的兴趣理论;（２）研究兴趣对文章理解的作用效果;（３）探讨阅读过程中兴趣和背景知识之间的关系。二项实验研究基本证实下列假设：（１）兴趣对文章的理解具有显著的促进作用;（２）兴趣高的读者对所读内容表现出更强的推理能力;（３）兴趣高的读者在阅读中会表现出更高的元认知水平;（４）兴趣对文章理解的促进作用相对独立于背景知识的影响。     

交流语境对学习过程中学习者语言选择性注意的影响

依据交流语境特征创设了语言交流、共享对象的语言交流、共享对象和表情的语言交流,通过交流范式探查：交流语境对学习过程中学习者语言选择性注意的影响。结果显示：（1）语言交流条件下语言选择性注意整体水平最高;不同语境下选择性注意整体水平随交流时间进程而增高。（2）语言交流条件下语言选择性注意指向性水平最高;共享对象和表情条件最低,但集中性水平最高;总体上,指向性和集中性水平随学习进程相对稳定增高,但语言交流条件与共享对象条件下学习阶段1的集中性水平显著高于中间学习阶段。结果发现：交流语境不同时,不同非语言因素对于语言认知加工产生的影响作用不同;交流双方认知的协调过程同时受到语言和非语言因素的共同作用。概言之,非语言因素降低了语言选择性注意的整体水平和指向性水平;但表情因素提高了集中性水平。     

浅谈提高英语阅读效率的方法

一、提高阅读速度的方法 （一）要把握高考阅读理解的命题趋势和思路 着重考查学生对语篇的整体把握和领悟能力;选材更趋多样化、生活化和现代化,日趋侧重应用文和说明文;增大阅读量和材料文字的难度、提高了对阅读速度的要求,选材更趋于“原汁原味”,更具英语语言的风格、特点,采用了更地道的文章,一些文段学生读起来感到难,往往要反复看几遍才能读懂。     

中小学生阅读图文课文的眼动实验研究

本研究采用眼动方法,对85名小五、实二和高二年级学生阅读图文课文的阅读理解指标和眼动指标进行考察。结果表明：（1）学生阅读不同呈现方式和难度课文的阅读理解指标和眼动指标,一般都具有明显的年龄发展特征;（2）学生阅读不同呈现方式课文的阅读理解指标和眼动指标,有图课文大多显著优于无图课文;（3）学生阅读不同难度课文的阅读理解指标和眼动指标,易课文显著优于难课文。     

Developmental Study of the Reversed Stroop Effect in Chinese-English Bilinguals

Chinese-English bilinguals in Grades 2, 4, 8, 10, and in college read Chinese and English color words in black or in colored print in the corresponding language. Subjects were more efficient in reading Chinese than English. This superiority effect of reading Chinese gradually decreased as subjects' familiarity with English increased. Furthermore, skilled readers were less susceptible than less skilled readers to the introduction of conflicting colors of ink. This result indicates that the pattern of the reversed Stroop (1935; Dunbar & MacLeod, 1984) effect is related to the proficiency of word processing.     

第二语言阅读“熔断”假说的认知心理证据:在线篇章处理的范式

本研究以认知心理学的结构建造理论为实验框架,模拟学习者母语及外语在线篇章处理的过程,从而获取第二语言阅读"熔断"假说以及"门槛"效应的认知心理证据。英语水平差别显著的高低两组共60名被试参加了英、汉语故事理解加工实验,考察他们如何对故事的人物角色进行持续跟踪,以厘清故事内的"因果链"。结果发现:(1)高水平组成功地把他们的母语故事理解加工能力迁移到第二语言的故事理解加工,而低水平组则迁移失败;(2)理解加工能力的迁移与被试心理表征建构能力以及抑制机制的效率紧密关联,高水平组被试能有效地利用抑制机制来管理他们第二语言的结构建造过程,从而建立对故事的连贯心理表征,而低水平组则不能。在分析上述结果的基础上,文章提出第二语言阅读"熔断"假说的认知心理证据就是第二语言心理表征建构与抑制机制的作用问题;要成功地进行第二语言篇章理解,读者必须要使其二语潜在的能力(如词汇效率等)发展到某个点上,使得与抑制(结构建造的关键)相关的许多无意识的决定过程能够高度自动化。     

Component Skills as Predictors of Chinese Reading Proficiency in Primary School Children

This study was designed to examine the relevance of some cognitive skills to Chinese reading and to identify those that distinguish readers of different proficiency levels. Third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade children were given two sets of tests, the Chinese Reading Proficiency Test and five component skill tests. Skills in word recognition and in comprehension were examined through tasks measuring component detection, lexical coding, memory for gist, knowledge of syntax, and use of context. Subjects' responses on the knowledge of syntax task and the lexical coding task were found to be most effective in predicting reading proficiency of the third graders, but not the fourth- and fifth-grade children. Instead, use of context task was the best predictor of the older children's reading proficiency.     

Eye movements,word familiarity,and vocabulary acquisition

Two experiments examined the effects of word familiarity on word recognition and text comprehension during silent reading. Readers' eye movements were monitored as they read sentences containing words that varied in familiarity as assessed by printed estimates of word frequency, subjective ratings of familiarity, and a multiple‐choice test of meaning knowledge. Effects of word frequency were unaffected by differences in subjective familiarity rating for high frequency words. Differential effects of familiarity rating were observed in low frequency conditions. In addition, processing time on high and low frequency words did not differ when familiarity was held constant for moderately familiar words. Readers spent more initial processing time on novel words than familiar words. Performance on a vocabulary test administered after the reading session demonstrated that readers successfully acquired and retained new word meanings. Finally, reanalysis of word processing time as a function of vocabulary test performance demonstrated a systematic relationship between online processing patterns and memory for novel word meaning.     

汉语阅读障碍的语音加工及正字法加工缺陷的实验研究

本研究对汉语阅读障碍的加工缺陷进行探讨,期望有助于揭示语言加工的普遍性与特殊性,以及阅读障碍的成因,并可为后期的干预提供帮助。研究采用改编的言语认知测验对阅读水平匹配组与阅读障碍组和生理年龄匹配组进行比较后发现,阅读障碍组在语音意识和正字法加工任务上的成绩均明显差于生理年龄控制组和阅读水平匹配组;阅读障碍组在快速命名和语音记忆任务上的成绩不如生理年龄匹配组,仅达到阅读水平匹配组水平。因此,汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童存在语音意识和正字法加工缺陷,这两种缺陷可能是阅读障碍儿童面临的最主要的两大缺陷;阅读障碍儿童在快速命名和语音记忆上的不足可能是发展迟滞所致。同时,大多数的汉语阅读障碍儿童存在不止一种的认知缺陷。阅读障碍儿童在语音意识和正字法加工上存在缺陷的比例最高。     

汉、英工作记忆的加工和储存对中学生英语阅读理解的影响

本研究采用"视空间和言语交替"任务范式分离言语工作记忆的加工和储存两个成分,分别探讨了英语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对我国中学生英语阅读理解的作用及其途径,以及汉语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对中学生英语阅读理解是否具有跨语言影响。98名初中二年级学生完成了一般认知能力、英语阅读理解、汉语和英语工作记忆任务。结果表明:(1)英语工作记忆的加工和储存成分对英语阅读理解均有显著的独立预测作用;(2)英语工作记忆的储存成分对英语阅读理解的作用部分是由加工成分引起的;(3)汉语工作记忆的加工成分对英语阅读理解没有显著的直接预测作用,但却以英语工作记忆的加工成分为中介间接作用于英语阅读理解;汉语工作记忆的储存成分对英语阅读理解没有显著的预测作用。可见,言语工作记忆是一个多成分系统,加工和储存两个成分是相对分离的,并且它们具有不同的跨语言特性,加工存在跨语言一般性,而储存则具有语言特异性。     

State and trait anxiety: A cross-cultural comparison of Chinese and Caucasian students in Canada

Chinese people immigrating to North America are subject to specific Stressors in moving to a new country, and, furthermore, these factors interact with their cultural background to produce higher levels of anxiety than are commonly believed to exist. The present study compared the responses of 60 Chinese and 60 Caucasian Canadian students to questionnaires measuring multidimensional trait and state anxiety. As predicted, the Chinese students endorsed significantly higher levels of trait anxiety for ambiguous situations and daily routines than did the Caucasians. Moreover, they were also significantly more likely than the Caucasians to rate the research situation as being ambiguous and threatening. Of all the possible background variables tested, English fluency was the single most powerful covariate that was predictive of the results, with those students who indicated a lowered English proficiency tending to score higher across all four facets of trait anxiety. As the Chinese students were also significantly more likely than the Caucasians to indicate a lower level of English fluency, the present results are supportive of the likelihood that lack of familiarity with the adopted culture and language may contribute to adjustment difficulties in Chinese immigrants.     

An Examination of the Simple View of Reading Among Beginning Readers in Malay

This study examines the simple view of reading from the perspective of a language other than English, the Malay language. The aims of the study were to determine (a) the contributions of decoding and listening comprehension to reading comprehension in Malay; (b) which model, the multiplicative model or the additive model, of the simple view of reading contributes more toward the variance in reading comprehension; and (c) whether adding the speed of processing factor to the multiplicative model improves its power to predict reading comprehension among beginning readers in Malay. A sample of 117 beginning first-year readers attending Malaysian schools were assessed on a battery of reading and reading-related skills measures after 6 months of initial instruction in reading. Results indicated that reading comprehension was largely explained by the decoding component, with listening comprehension adding only a small amount to the variance accounted for. The additive model consisting of the summation of decoding and listening comprehension was found to be a better predictor of reading comprehension in Malay. Results also showed that speed of processing did not account for unique variance in reading comprehension. We propose that listening comprehension did not contribute substantially to the variance because it is artefactually reduced as a result of the level of text typically read by beginning readers.