The Need to Be Different: Primary Trait Structure and Impact on Projective Drawings

The value set on behavioral variation for its own sake (or the need to be different) is a personality variable nested within social learning theory; a strong need to be different should, in theory, predispose the individual toward originality (including creativity). A self-report inventory measuring this need value (the vDiffer scale; Joy, 1998) motive was administered to undergraduates who also completed the 16 Personality Factor inventory (16PF; Cattell, Cattell, & Cattell, 1993) and House-Tree-Person (H-T-P; Buck, 1948) drawings. Three advanced art therapy graduate students rated the H-T-P protocols for technical proficiency, creativity, and personal adjustment. The need to be different correlated strongly with four primary traits: positively with Q1 (Openness to Change) and M (Abstractedness) and negatively with G (Rule-Consciousness) and Q3 (Perfectionism). Several other moderate correlations also emerged. Judgments of the technical proficiency and creativity of H-T-P drawings correlated significantly with the vDiffer score. The need to be different significantly predicted the quality of these projective drawings even when the influence of intelligence (16PF Scale B) was controlled for. The need to be different is associated with a distinctive pattern of traits and higher quality artistic expression.     

Spiritual Need Four: Opportunities to Be Served and to Share with Others

SUMMARY

Older adults have unique opportunities to be served and to share with others through groups and individual relationships and programs in religious congregations. Where programs and senior centers with public funding can provide only for physical, emotional, and social needs, religious congregations can be more wholistic and provide for the spiritual needs as well. This chapter offers further discussion of planning that will facilitate program development for the whole person.     

Naturalism Need Not Be "Made Safe": A Response to William Rottschaefer's Misunderstandings

In this article, I respond to William Rottschaefer's analysis of my writings on religion and science, especially my Religion, Science and Naturalism (1996). I show that I am not trying "to make naturalism safe," as Rottschaefer contends, but rather attempting to explore options available when one endorses naturalistic approaches. I also explain why I object to the label "supernaturalistic naturalism" used by Rottschaefer. Possible limitations to naturalistic projects are discussed, not as limitations imposed but rather as features uncovered.     

Back to Basics: The Psychoanalytic Conceptualization of Motivation

Reconsideration of motivation, a fundamental concept in psychoanalytic theory, engages us with basic assumptions and postulates of our field and draws us to the borders with neighboring scientific elaborations of the design, structure, and function of the mind. This paper presents a concept of motivation from a perspective in modern conflict theory and correlates this concept with current thinking in evolutionary biology. The challenges that this correlation raises for all psychoanalytic approaches to motivation are discussed. Natural selection has fundamentally organized motivation in accord with the principle of inclusive fitness. Adaptive motivations of self-interest achieved through social success are paramount. In mind sciences there is a growing appreciation of the innately modular mind with mounting evidence for domain and content-specific evolved psychological mechanisms, the modern term for instincts. In regard to motivation in modern conflict theory, evolved mechanisms and predispositions are innately linked to pleasure–unpleasure and include, importantly, motivations of self-interest. The pleasure–unpleasure principle regulates motivation throughout life. Early mother–child interactions are vital to the development and contextualization of motivation; however, these interactions themselves depend on mutually coadapted mechanisms that give vectors and impose constraints on every primary relationship. In evading innate contributions there is a danger of embarking on a new creationist paradigm.     

Seeking Information about Different Ethnic Groups: The Role of Motivation and Confirmation1

Two factors were investigated in terms of their effects on information seeking about ethnic groups: degree to which the information confirmed one's stereotype, and motivation for seeking information. Forty-two English Canadians (Ss) were given the opportunity to seek up to 45 items of information about 18 individuals, 3 from each of six ethnic groups. The three members of each group either confirmed, partially disconfirmed, or totally disconfirmed the group stereotype. Results indicated that more information was sought about the confirming member of each group by the Ss instructed to seek information that interested them. Ss instructed to describe or evaluate ethnic group members sought information equally from all members. These results are discussed in terms of expectancy theory, and in relation to other findings on ethnic perception and ethnic interpersonal attraction.     

People with Disabilities – In Order to Belong,They Need to Be Missed!

People with disabilities are often excluded within our churches: Why is that so? This paper will explore why disabled people are not missed within our churches as a mission group and as a member of the body of Christ. It will also explore why the fact that they are not missed makes them feel like they do not belong in the church. The paper will conclude with what people with disabilities have to offer the church, and what the church can positively do to help them feel like they belong through our mission and inclusion of them into the full ministry of the church.     

Autonomy Support and Need Satisfaction in the Motivation and Well-Being of Gymnasts

This study examined the effects of young athletes' perceptions of support from coaches and parents on their need satisfaction, motivation, and well-being. Using the framework of self-determination theory (Ryan &Deci, 2000b), a 4-week diary study of 33 female gymnasts from the northeastern U.S. was conducted that examined (a) the relations of perceived parent and coach supports to the athlete's enduring and daily motivation and need satisfaction and (b) how daily motivation and psychological need satisfaction during practice affects athletes' well-being. Results obtained using hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) revealed that, as predicted, daily motivation predicted pre-practice well-being, and that changes in well-being from pre- to post-practice varied systematically with the need satisfaction experienced during practice. Discussion highlights the importance of adult supports for adolescent sport participants to ensure need satisfaction, and the advantages of diary methodologies in sport research.     

Educational Interventions in Counseling: The Need to Avoid Pronouncements

This article proposes that counselors who use educational interventions in their work with clients, and thereby simultaneously teach while they counsel, are apt to unwittingly make “pronouncements.” Pronouncements are unqualified statements of, or declarations of, expertise. It is suggested that pronouncements are generally an unethical form of language for the counselor-teacher to use, and that although they serve a number of persuasive functions for the counselor, they mystify knowledge and authority relationships for the client. In addition it is suggested that language usage and attendant ethical pitfalls that arise in using new counseling methodologies should receive more attention in the counseling literature.     

They Need to be Different, They Feel Happier in Authentizotic Climates

The study shows how the perceptions of six authentizotic climate dimensions (spirit of camaraderie, trust and credibility of the leaders, open and frank communication with the leaders, opportunities for learning and personal development, fairness/justice, and work-family conciliation) interact with the need for uniqueness (NFU) in predicting affective well-being (AWB) at work. Participants are 342 individuals, all young graduate engineers participating in a course on ethics and deontology. Both the perceptions of authentizotic climates and the NFU predict unique variance of AWB. Perceptions of authentizotic climates (excepting work-family conciliation) interact with NFU in predicting AWB: (a) the relationship between perceptions of authentizotic climates and AWB is stronger when NFU is greater; (b) the relationship between NFU and AWB is stronger when perceptions of authentizotic climates are more positive.     

医学人文素养及职业素质教育中亟待改进的问题——来自一名本科同学的意见

医学模式的转变给医学教育提出了更新、更高的要求,医学生在掌握医学知识和临床技能的同时还需要提高自身的人文素养与职业素质.从一个新的角度出发,通过对医学院校人文素养及职业素质模块课程的观察和分析,发现目前人文素养和职业素质教育中存在的诸多问题,并提出可能的解决方案和对策.     

归属需要的研究进展

归属需要的概念经历长时间的演化和发展,并有其进化的心理机制。自Baumeister在1995年提出归属需要作为人类的基本动机后,归属需要与认知,情感和行为的相关研究也得到发展,部分结论得到进一步的证实,但也出现不一致的研究结果。同时也开始了对归属需要与行为后果之间内部过程的探讨。对归属需要的测量主要采用量表法,但未出现一个统一的测量工具,易造成测量的差异,剥夺归属需要的研究常采用实验法,未来的研究可注重提高其生态效度。     

The Relationship of Achievement Motivation to Entrepreneurial Behavior: A Meta-Analysis

Entrepreneurship is a major factor in the national economy; thus, it is important to understand the motivational characteristics spurring people to become entrepreneurs and why some are more successful than others. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of the relationship between achievement motivation and variables associated with entrepreneurial behavior. We found that achievement motivation was significantly correlated with both choice of an entrepreneurial career and entrepreneurial performance. Further, we found that both projective and self-report measures of achievement motivation were valid. Finally, known group studies yielded a higher validity coefficient than did individual difference studies.     

Do Brute Facts Need to Be Civilised? Universals in Classical Indian Philosophy and Contemporary Analytic Ontology

Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research - A vital point of dispute within both classical Indian thought and contemporary analytic ontology is the following: which facts are brute so...     

The Influence of Regulatory Fit on Persuasion Under Different Military Operations: The Moderating Effects of Need for Cognition

On the basis of regulatory focus theory (Higgins, 1997 Higgins, E. T. 1997. Beyond pleasure and pain. American Psychologist, 52: 1280–1300. [Crossref], [PubMed], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]), two experiments were conducted to explore the effects of regulatory fit on persuasion under different military operations. It is proposed that appeals presented in promotion focus frames are more persuasive in promotion focus military operations (e.g., offensive), while prevention focus–framed appeals are more persuasive in prevention focus military operations (e.g., defensive). In study one, 99 military personnel were randomly assigned to either of 2 (messages: promotion vs. promotion focus frame) × 2 (operations: offensive vs. defensive) conditions. No significant results were found. In study two, 53 military cadets were randomly assigned to either of 2 (messages: promotion vs. promotion focus frame) × 2 (operations: offensive with superior forces vs. defensive with inferior forces) conditions. The results indicate that need for cognition (NFC) moderates the effects of regulatory fit on persuasiveness. For high-NFC subjects, promotion focus–framed appeals are more persuasive in numerical superiority attacking operations, whereas prevention ones are more persuasive in numerical inferiority defending operations. This interaction effect was not found for low-NFC subjects.