基于分化/整合视角的自尊结构与心理调适的关系

研究采用中介性调节分析策略,探讨了大学生外显自尊、内隐自尊、自我概念清晰性和抑郁的关系.研究发现:外显自尊与抑郁呈显著负相关.内隐自尊调节着外显自尊和抑郁的关系;外显自尊与自我概念清晰性呈显著正相关,内隐自尊调节着外显自尊和自我概念清晰性的关系;外显自尊×内隐自尊对抑郁的效应是通过自我概念清晰性这一中介变量实现的.     

自尊水平与自尊稳定性的关系:完美主义的中介作用

采用中介性调节分析方法,探讨了青少年外显自尊、内隐自尊、完美主义和自尊稳定性的关系.研究发现:外显自尊通过在乎缺点这一中介变量影响着自尊稳定性,外显自尊与自尊稳定性之间的关系不存在追求高标准的中介作用;内隐自尊调节着外显自尊和在乎缺点、自尊稳定性的关系,在低外显自尊者中,内隐自尊低者倾向于在乎自己的错误,表现出较高的自尊不稳定性;外显自尊通过在乎缺点影响自尊稳定性的间接效应在低内隐自尊者中更为明显.进一步的研究应考虑内隐自尊稳定性在自尊研究中的作用.     

青少年内隐自尊与自我防卫关系研究

对84名被试的内隐自尊、外显自荨与自我防卫关系的研究结果表明:(1)外显自尊与显性自恋存在显著正相关,与隐性自恋存在显著负相关.内隐自尊与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,两种自尊对自我防卫预测作用不同.(2)内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离指标与隐性自恋存在显著正相关,提示内隐自尊与外显自尊差距越大,自我防卫水平越高.(3)内隐自尊与外显自尊分离指标与显性自恋存在显著负相关.     

早期经验对青少年内隐自尊的影响

本研究以内隐联想测验(IAT)为内隐自尊测量工具,以172名中学生为研究对象,针对来自家庭方面的早期经验对青少年内隐自尊的影响进行研究.结果发现:(1)父母婚姻状况与青少年的内隐自尊存在显著相关,来自离异家庭的个体内隐自尊显著低于来自完整家庭的个体;(2)父母婚姻状况对青少年的外显自尊没有影响,个体可能通过形成积极的外显自我评价对父母离异带来的负性经验进行补偿;(3)父母的情感温暖与理解、母亲的偏爱对个体的内隐自尊有提升和促进作用,提示积极的教养方式可以促进青少年内隐自尊的发展;(4)父母的拒绝与否认、过分干涉与过度保护,母亲的惩罚与严厉与内隐自尊和外显自尊的分离状况相关显著,提示消极的教养方式是影响青少年内隐自尊和外显自尊一致性的因素.     

自尊内隐改变的初步实验研究

本研究以EAST为内隐自尊测量工具,以阈下评价性条件反射(EC)为基础对自尊的内隐改变进行研究.结果发现:(1)EC处理可以有效增强个体对自我的积极态度,继而提升个体的内隐自尊.自尊可以加以内隐改变;(2)EC处理没有增强个体的外显自尊,可能足自我展示等作用的干扰所致;(3)EC处理可以成功地用于自尊的内隐改变,是内隐自尊的形成和改变研究中一种值得深入探讨的方法与策略.     

大学生学习倦怠与外显自尊、内隐自尊的相关性研究

探索大学生学习倦怠与外显自尊、内隐自尊的关系.201名大学生参加问卷调查和实验研究,分别采用大学生学习倦怠量表和Rosenberg的自尊量表测量学习倦怠和外显自尊,同时使用内隐联想测验测量被试的内隐自尊.成就感降低对于内隐自尊具有较好的预测作用(p<0.05),但对外显自尊的预测作用更强(p<0.01);耗竭和人格解体对外显自尊的预测作用也达到了边缘显著性水平(p=0.089,p=0.077).大学生学习倦怠对其外显自尊、内隐自尊有重要影响;外显自尊和内隐自尊是两个相对独立的自尊结构.     

内隐自尊与外显自尊的关系:多重内隐测量的视角

本研究以102名大学生为被试,从多重内隐测量的视角出发,运用内隐联想测验（IAT）、Go／No-go联想任务（GNAT）和外部情绪性Simon任务（EAST）三种实验程序对内隐自尊及其特性进行了测量和研究,同时运用结构方程建模对内隐自尊和外显自尊的结构关系进行了探讨。结果表明：（1）IAT、GNAT和EASI这三种基于反应时范式的内隐自尊测量方法是有效的,均能有效检测出内隐自尊效应,内隐自尊的特性表现为个体倾向于将自我与积极属性或事物相联,将他人与消极属性或事物相联;（2）内隐自尊与外显自尊是分离的结构,两者是相对独立的两个自我评价系统,支持内隐自尊和外显自尊的两维结构说;（3）双重态度模型和信息加工双过程模型两种理论模型都可以解释内隐自尊和外显自尊的分离现象。     

内隐自尊的研究趋势及测量方法

内隐自尊是社会认知研究的新领域。本文主要回顾了内隐自尊研究的趋势及测量方法的进展。内隐自尊的研究趋势主要表现为：内隐与外显自尊研究对照进行;应用性研究初步开展;研究方法的不断更新;与其它社会认知结构的关系;与行为的关系等。目前在研究方法上以反应时范式为主,最常用是内隐联想测验,还包括阈上语义启动、阈下语义启动、姓名字母与数字偏爱、Stroop颜色命名任务、内隐自我评价调查和外部情绪性Simon任务等。     

问题学生内隐自尊的初步研究

研究结果表明：(1)问题学生和普通学生一样,存在显著的内隐自尊效应。两类学生的内隐自尊效应存在显著的年级差异,但不存在性别差异;(2)总体上问题学生的内隐自尊效应显著高于普通学生,初三阶段,两类学生的内隐自尊的差异显著;(3)问题学生的内隐自尊和外显自尊是相对独立的两个自我评价系统。两类学生内隐自尊和外显自尊的组合状况不同,内隐自尊和外显自尊的分离状况差异显著;(4)问题学生内隐自尊与外显自尊的分离程度与其状态焦虑、特质焦虑和心理健康其他指标存在非常显著相关。     

内隐自尊与外显自尊关系的新认识

内隐自尊和外显自尊是自我评价体系中两个非常重要的结构。以往研究基于统计独立性、自身发展性以及双认知系统等角度提出内隐自尊和外显自尊是两个相互独立的结构。但是,越来越多的证据表明,在改善测验工具、动机因素和研究方法之后,内隐自尊与外显自尊显著相关,并且两者之间的关系得到神经机制的佐证。虽然内隐自尊和外显自尊是两个不同的结构,但是它们并不是简单独立关系,而是紧密联系和相互作用于个体的自我评价。     

Seeing and hearing and space and space and time

A previous experiment had shown spatial location to be judged in terms of the framework provided by the modality in which stimuli were presented. In the present study, digits were either auditorally or visually presented, and in either form the three digits appeared successivly to the left, in the center, and to the right of the S. The digit which occurred temporally in the middle of the sequence was never central from the spatial viewpoint. The S was asked to indicate which digit was the middle one. Ss were blind, deaf, or normal. The deaf and two control groups saw visual displays, and the blind and their controls heard auditory displays. The former groups predominantly chose the spatially middle digit and the latter groups the temporally middle. It was concluded that modality of presentation was the trigger which switched in the coding dimension of time or space.     

Extremes of self-esteem and narcissism and the experience and expression of anger and aggression

This study examined the level of self-esteem and narcissism as personality variables involved in the disposition to experience and express anger. Three hundred thirty-eight subjects were sampled across two higher education centres and one student teaching programme in the United Kingdom. It was reasoned that individuals with both high self-esteem and narcissism would report especially high tendencies to experience and express anger and aggression and that those with high self-esteem and low narcissism would report the lowest. These predictions were influenced by theories that emphasise the role of threats to high self-esteem in the production of aggression and violence. Results indicate that groups defined by their extreme scores on self-esteem and narcissism scales produced levels of anger expression in the predicted direction. The importance of considering extreme levels of self-esteem and narcissism (in conjunction with other factors) in an analysis of anger is discussed with reference to currently influential theories in the field. Aggr. Behav. 24:421–438, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Law and Gospel,and Youth and Family Ministry

Abstract : If “faith comes through hearing” the word of God comprised in law and gospel, how do the imperatives that characterize ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ make such hearing possible? Here, literature delineating ‘Youth and Family Ministry’ is analyzed in light of its biblical foundations. The primary lens implemented in this analysis is the law/gospel hermeneutic advocated by Martin Luther and other reformers.     

Bob and Carol and Tess and Ali

Conflicting religious experiences in different traditions do not necessarily defeat the rationality of conflicting beliefs sustained by those experiences in those traditions. The circularity that protects religious beliefs from such mutual defeat is not vicious. Moreover, the lack of ‘epistemological humility’ exhibited by such believers poses no threat to world peace. In fact, a campaign for compulsory humility would itself constitute a much greater threat.     

Yin and Yang,and the Hot and the Cold

Yin and Yang are important concepts in ancient Chinese philosophy.Western scholars have become more familiar with these two concepts recently,but for a long time almost no one considered comparing them with their own tradition such as the ancient Greek philosophy,and especially with the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Presocratic philosophy.In this paper,I make an attempt to do exactly that,and especially make a detailed comparison between the thoughts of two ancient thinkers:Laozi and Anaximander.I discuss the thought of Yin and Yang in Laozi-who was the earliest philosopher making use of the concepts Yin and Yang-to express his cosmological thought in ancient Chinese philosophy.Comparatively,I discuss the ideas of the Hot and the Cold in Anaximander,the earlier among Presocratic philosophers referring to the Hot and the Cold as fundamental concepts used to establish his cosmological system.Through this comparison,I indicate that the similarity between ancient Chinese and Western traditions is far more significant than what people are used to imagining.     

Perversion and infancy and adolescence

Abstract

Studying the works of Freud and Lacan, the authors carried out research on perversion in childhood. Their work covered the perverse polymorphism of infantile sexuality and the perception of the anatomic difference between the sexes that leads the child to create sexual theories and fantasies. The phallic mother and the fetish are viewed as imaginary solutions directly related to the Oedipus and castration complexes. In perversion, a particular position is taken in relation to the Oedipus complex: a serious flaw occurs in the symbolization of the law, and the mechanisms of denial and disavowal take form. Sexuality requires a second “logical time,” separated from infancy by the latency period, in order to confirm (in action) that a fixed position of jouissance (enjoyment) has actually been established. This can only happen in a period after adolescent enhancement. The distinction between perverse traces and a perverse structure is made, taking into account the fact that, in the case of child analysis, the analyst should free the child from the family fantasy and help him/her to build his/her own fantasy.

Campos Santoro V. et al. Perversion und Kindheit und Adoleszenz.

Im Studium der Arbeiten von Freud und Lacan haben die Autoren Forschung über Perversion in der Kindheit gemacht. Die Studien behandeln den perversen Polymorphismus der infantilen Sexualität und die Wahrnehmung des anatomischen Unterschiedes zwischen den Geschlechtern, welche das Kind dazu führt, Sexual-Theorien und Phatasien zu schaffen.

Die phallische Mutter und der Fetisch werden als imaginäre Lösungen angesehen, die sich direkt auf den Ödipus- und Kastrations-Komplex beziehen. Bei der Perversion wird eine besondere Position in Bezug auf den Ödipus angenommen; ein ernsthafter Mangel tritt bei der Symbolisierung des Rechts auf; die Mechanismen der Verneinung und der Verleugnung bilden sich. Sexualität erfordert eine zweite “logische Zeit”, von der Kindheit durch die Latenz Periode getrennt, um (in der Handlung) zu bestätigen, daß eine fixierte Position der jouissance (Vergnügung) sich tatsächlich etabliert hat. Das kann sich nur in einer Periode nach der adoleszenten Verstärkung ereignen.

Es wird die Unterscheidung zwischen perversen Spuren und einer perversen Struktur gemacht, in Rechnung stellend, daß im Fall der Kinder-Analyse der Analytiker das Kind von der Familien-Phantasie befreien sollte und ihm/ihr helfen sollte, seine/ihre Phantasie auszubilden.

Campos Santoro V. Perversión e infancia y adolescencia.

Estudiando los trabajos de Freud y Lacan, los autores han investigado la perversión en la niñez. Los estudios cubren la sexualidad infantil perversa polimorfa y la percepción de la diferencia anatómica entre los sexos, que llevan al niño a crear teorías sexuales y fantasías.

La madre fálica y el fetiche son vistos como soluciones imaginarias relacionadas directamente con el complejo de Edipo y de castración. La perversión, toma una posición particular en relación al Edipo; un fallo importante tiene lugar en la simbolización de la ley; los mecanismos de negación y repudio toman forma. La sexualidad requiere un segundo “tiempo lógico” separado de la infancia por el periodo de latencia, para confirmar (en acto) que una posición fija de jouissance (goce) se ha establecido. Esto solo puede ocurrir en un periodo posterior a la intensificación adolescente.

La distinción entre las huellas perversas y la estructura perversa se ha hecho, teniendo en cuenta que, en el caso del análisis de niños, el analista debe librar al niño de la fantasía familiar y ayudar a el/ella a construir su propia fantasía.     

Human Dignity and the Ethics and Aesthetics of Pain and Suffering

Inasmuch as unmitigated pain and suffering areoften thought to rob human beings of theirdignity, physicians and other care providersincur a special duty to relieve pain andsuffering when they encounter it. When pain andsuffering cannot be controlled it is sometimesthought that human dignity is compromised.Death, it is sometimes argued, would bepreferred to a life without dignity.Reasoning such as this trades on certainpreconceptions of the nature of pain andsuffering, and of their relationships todignity. The purpose of this paper is to laybare these preconceptions. The duties torelieve pain and suffering are clearly mattersof moral obligation, as is the duty to respondappropriately to the dignity of other persons.However, it is argued that our understanding ofthe phenomena of pain and suffering and theirrelationships to human dignity will be expandedwhen we explore the aesthetic dimensions ofthese various concepts. On the view presentedhere the life worth living is both morally goodand aesthetically beautiful. Appropriate``suffering with' another can help to maintainand restore the dignity of the relationshipsinvolved, even as it preserves and enhances thedignity of patient and caregiver alike.     

Lmx and Job Tension: Linear and Non-Linear Effects and Affectivity

We examined whether linear or non-linear LMX–job tension relationships existed, and if these effects were consistent across levels of negative (NA) and positive (PA) affect. Results indicated that NA and PA moderated the non-linear LMX–job tension relationship. Specifically, the LMX–job tension association was best depicted by an inverted-U form for high NAs. Tension was highest when LMX was moderate and lowest when LMX was either low or high. Tension increased minimally for low NAs across levels of LMX. For high PAs, the relationship was linear and inverse. Conversely, a U-shaped form best represented the LMX–job tension relationship for low PAs. Implications, strengths and limitations, and directions for future research are discussed.     

Religiosity and Secular and Ascetic Deviance

According to the antiascetic hypothesis, religiosity should be strongly related to behaviors that violate ascetic standards (getting drunk and using marijuana), but only weakly related to behaviors that violate social standards (violence and stealing). Using the second wave of the National Study of Youth and Religion, I tested the antiascetic hypothesis using a question about the most important basis for deciding what is morally right or wrong. Contrary to the antiascetic hypothesis, individuals who believe that God's law is the most important for deciding what is morally right or wrong, compared to those who believe that society is the most important, are not less likely to get drunk or use marijuana. Furthermore, for getting drunk and marijuana use, differences in behavior are not the result of different ethical standards (ascetic or social), but rather differences in the willingness to uphold those standards (is it OK to break moral rules).