Think of the Children

Often, the deepest disagreements are about starting points, and which considerations are relevant.     

Children of the Rich

Growing up rich is not an unmixed blessing. Great wealth has undoubted benefits, but it is not good for children. It distorts their functional relationship with the world, it belittles their own accomplishments, and it grotesquely amplifies their sense of what is good enough. It is addictive. Wealth may even become a barrier to a relationship with a therapist. One job of a therapist to the rich is to teach people how to be middle class and to achieve moderately, and to teach rich parents to accept such unmagnificent normality. The rich, of course, have all the same problems other people have, perhaps complicated by the wealth, perhaps just frustratingly unrelieved by the wealth. Suggestions are made for treating these unfortunate victims of excess and for overcoming the therapist's naïve counter-transference reactions to the families of the rich.     

Consider the Children

Summary

In this article, we consider interventions for children exposed to family violence in light of the research on children's problems associated with witnessing family violence. Next, we review risk and protective factors related to these children's adjustment with the view that all children are not similarly affected by exposure to family violence. Against this background, we then move to consider directions for interventions from a systemic perspective. We take into account not only the exposure to interactions between their mother and father, but also children's relationships with their mother, father, and siblings, as well as within broader systems such as the peer group, the school, and the community. We consider the critical challenges within each of these important systems for children exposed to family violence, and we propose some potential interventions to address the problems. Finally, we summarize an evaluation of an intervention that incorporates some of the elements identified by a systemic perspective. The evaluation revealed a significant improvement in children's self-reports of depression and anxiety over the course of the program. Mothers rated their children as significantly improved in emotional and hyperactive behaviour problems. There was no relation between mothers' involvement in counselling and children's improvement. Overall, the results suggest that the Peer Group Counselling Program effectively provided support to children exposed to family violence. Finally, we discuss the steps necessary to support children and families in moving toward violence-free lives.     

Children and the church

Pastoral Psychology -     

婴幼儿喘息的分类和小儿哮喘的鉴别诊断

喘息是小儿时期常见的症状,尤其是婴幼儿.婴幼儿喘息分为三种类型:一过性的早期喘息,只发生在3岁以前的喘息.无家族的哮喘病史,与过敏原的致敏无关,与父母吸烟有关.持续性的早发的喘息,即非过敏的喘息,与病毒感染诱发有关.晚发的喘息/哮喘,即过敏性的喘息.有湿疹和哮喘的气道病理特点.在诊断支气管哮喘前,还必须排除以下疾病:先天性气道和肺的发育异常,先天性心、血管异常,异物吸入,胃食管返流,支气管结核,纤毛不动综合征,免疫缺陷病等.     

婴幼儿喘息的分类和小儿哮喘的鉴别诊断

喘息是小儿时期常见的症状,尤其是婴幼儿。婴幼儿喘息分为三种类型：一过性的早期喘息,只发生在3岁以前的喘息。无家族的哮喘病史,与过敏原的致敏无关,与父母吸烟有关。持续性的早发的喘息,即非过敏的喘息,与病毒感染诱发有关。晚发的喘息/哮喘,即过敏性的喘息, 有湿疹和哮喘的气道病理特点。在诊断支气管哮喘前,还必须排除以下疾病：先天性气道和肺的发育异常,先天性心、血管异常,异物吸入,胃食管返流,支气管结核,纤毛不动综合征,免疫缺陷病等。     

Disclosure of Divorce Plans to Children: What the Children Have to Say

Divorce has become a common experience for children. One part of the process that children of divorcing parents experience is the time when they are informed of their parents' approaching separation or divorce. In this study, 20 adults from eight families who had experienced the divorce of their parents when they were younger were interviewed using a guided interview format. At least two siblings from each family except one was interviewed. Qualitative analyses of data revealed interesting themes around the questions of how the participants were told about the impending separation or divorce, who told them, whether or not siblings were present, how they reacted to the news, and how they would have preferred being told.     

Children and the future of humanity

In the face of a world that is undergoing a radical revolution, in terms of values as well as institutions, we must act so that future generations might have the means to face up to new demands. We must overhaul the educational program: we must teach children solidarity, openness and mutual respect, ecology, if we want our planet to survive.     

Children and the Limits of Paternalism

Philosophers disagree about what precisely makes an act paternalistic, and about whether, when, and why paternalistic acts are morally objectionable. Despite these disagreements, it might seem uncontroversial to think that it is permissible to paternalize children. When paternalism seems morally objectionable, that is usually because an adult has been treated in a way that seems appropriate only for children. But, we might think, there can be nothing morally objectionable about treating children as children. In this paper, however, I argue that there are limits to how we may permissibly paternalize children. I begin in Section 1 by describing and endorsing Jonathan Quong’s account of paternalism, which defines paternalistic acts as those that involve particular kinds of judgments that the paternalizer makes about the capacities of the paternalizee. In Section 2, I identify a distinction between two kinds of paternalism: ‘compensatory’ paternalism, and ‘non-compensatory’ paternalism. In Section 3, I argue that compensatory paternalism is usually permissible in the case of children. In section 4, I argue that non-compensatory paternalism is much harder to justify than compensatory paternalism, and because of this, it is sometimes impermissible even when directed at children.     

Counseling the Children of Handicapped Parents

The children of the handicapped frequently need counseling to help them cope with the consequences of their parents' handicaps. Parental handicaps typically lead to modifications in parenting behavior and family structure that may be perceived as deficiencies. Kennedy and Bush discuss the child's reaction to parental handicap in the context of object loss and attachment. Evidence suggests that the children of the handicapped are overrepresented among those who are in some way maladjusted or in need of counseling. This article focuses on multiple sclerosis in parents, including its impact on children, suggested interventions, and a case study.     

Projecting the Voices of Mexican-Origin Children

The current rise of immigration to the United States is being accompanied by a dramatic increase of newly arrived immigrant children to American schools. Therefore, there is a clear need to gain an understanding of the way in which the children themselves conceptualize achievement and how they attribute success and failure in their new unfamiliar surroundings. We examined immigrant children's narratives elicited by a modified version of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) (C. Suárez-Orozco & Suárez-Orozco) collected in two separate studies. The first study, Transformations: Immigration, Family Life, and Achievement Motivation Among Latino Adolescents (C. Suárez-Orozco & Suárez-Orozco, 1995) is archived in the Murray Research Archive, Harvard–MIT Data Center, Harvard University. The second study from which we drew data is the Longitudinal Immigrant Student Adaptation Study (LISA) (C. Suárez-Orozco, Suárez-Orozco, & Todorova, in press). In this combination of current and archival data, we applied a unified methodology to the analysis of narratives of a widely diverse group of students. The archival data contain narratives of different generations of Mexican-origin adolescents—Mexicans residing in Mexico, Mexican-born immigrants to the United States, and children in the Mexican American second generation. We also examined data from the Mexican immigrant children in the LISA study at two points in time—shortly after they arrived in the United States and 5 years later. We focus on how success is conceptualized in the narratives, the extent to which these stories invoke feelings of inadequacy, and whether success is conceptualized as an individualistic endeavor or an affiliative endeavor. We found that the TAT narratives reflected the reality of the participants' lives: Although initially they tended to search for help from others as they adapted to their new homeland, over time, they seemed less inclined to search for assistance from their parents, teachers, peers, or community members—it is possible that they gave up the search after several years of facing negative responses. The combined analysis offers an intricate window into the psychological and interpersonal world of immigrant children that enriches the information gathered through the other methods we employed. From this work, we can confirm the psychological and interpersonal cost of immigration for these children.     

攻击性儿童的P300事件相关电位研究

运用听觉P300任务对攻击性儿童(17人,其中16名男孩,1名女孩)与对照组的正常儿童( 人数与性别分布同攻击组)的事件相关电位(ERP)进行比较,发现攻击性儿童P30 0的潜伏期较长,波幅尤其是额部波幅较小,表明攻击性个体存在认知加工缺陷,特别是选择性注意与调控机能缺陷.研究结果同时表明P300可以作为鉴别攻击性个体的一个可靠指标.     

学习困难儿童和非学习困难儿童元记忆特点的对比研究

本研究通过向62名学习困难儿童和56名非学习困难儿童呈现数字和图形两种记忆材料,就主试控制和被试控制条件下两类儿童的元记忆水平进行了对比研究,旨在找出学习困难儿童的元记忆特点,并在此基础上,进一步揭示两类儿童的元记忆水平与其记忆成绩之间的关系.研究结果发现学习困难儿童的元记忆水平明显低于非学习困难儿童,而且两类儿童的元记忆水平与其回忆量均有较高的相关.