The significance of difference between means without reference to the frequency distribution function

Most existing tests for significance of difference between means require specific assumptions concerning the distribution function in the parent population. The need for a test which can be applied without making any such assumption is stressed. Such a statistical test is derived. The application of the test involves converting scores to rank orders. The exact probabilities may then be calculated for specified differences between samples by means of which the null hypothesis may be tested. The application of the test is simple and requires a minimum of calculation. The test loses in precision because of the conversion to rank orders but gains in generality since it may be safely used with any kind of distribution.This study was started at the Iowa Child Welfare Research Station of the State University of Iowa. I should like to express my gratitude for the help I received there.     

Parents and peer group as mediators of the effect of community structure on adolescent problem behavior

Used a sample of 207 single-parent families residing in 104 small, Midwestern communities to test hypotheses regarding the link between community context and adolescent conduct problems and psychological distress. For boys, community disadvantage had a direct affect on psychological distress, while it indirectly boosted the probability of conduct problems by disrupting parenting and increasing affiliation with deviant peers. Community disadvantage was unrelated to the deviant behavior or emotional well-being of girls. Proportion of single-parent households in the community had a direct effect on girls' conduct problems. It also contributed indirectly to girls' conduct problems by increasing the probability of involvement with deviant peers. Possible explanations for these gender differences are provided. An earlier version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Miami, November 1994. Work on this project was supported by the National Institute of Mental Health (MH48165) and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD27724). Journal Paper No. 16629 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economic Experiment Station, Ames, Iowa. Project No. 3320.     

Evaluation of the diagnostic interview for children and adolescents for use in general population samples

This article presents evaluative data on the use of the Diagnostic Interview for Children and AdolescentsRevised (DICAR) to classify DSM-IIIR disorders in the general population. Data for the analyses came from a probability sample (N=251) of parentchild/adolescent dyads aged 6 to 16 separately administered the DICAR on two occasions, 10 to 20 days apart, by trained lay interviewers and child psychiatrists. Data are presented on prevalence,testretest reliability, parentchild/adolescent agreement, and trained lay interviewerchild psychiatrist agreement. High prevalences of oppositional defiant disorder derived from parent assessments and overanxious disorder and dysthymia derived from adolescent assessments suggest that these disorders may be overidentified. Interview data provided by 6 to 11year olds to classify the internalizing disorders were too unreliable to be useful. Agreement between parentchild/adolescent dyads was generally low while agreement between trained lay interviewerschild psychiatrists was generally high.This work was supported by funds from the National Health Research and Development Program (grant number 6606-3760-42) and the Ontario Ministry of Community and Social Services, and was carried out by the Child Epidemiology Unit, Department of Psychiatry, McMaster University and the Child and Family Centre, Chedoke-McMaster Hospitals, Hamilton, Ontario. Dr. Boyle is supported by a William T. Grant Foundation Faculty Scholar Award; Dr. Offord by a National Health Scientist Award, Health and Welfare Canada; Dr. Szatmari by a Research Fellowship, Ontario Mental Health Foundation; and Dr. Fleming by a NARSAD Young Investigator Award. The authors wish to thank the Hamilton Board of Education, particularly Mr. Keith Reilly and Mr. Owen Jackson; principals and teachers of the Board; and parents and students for their help on this project. Our appreciation also extends to Ms. Barb Hall who assisted in the analysis of the data.     

Narrative abilities in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and normal peers

A story retelling task was used to assess narrative abilities in 30 boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and 30 normally developing boys, matched on age and IQ. Each boy listened to two stories and retold them for another child. Results indicated that the two groups did not differ in their ability to comprehend and extract the main ideas from the stories, but did differ in the production of narratives. Boys with ADHD provided less information overall, and their stories were more poorly organized and less cohesive and contained more inaccuracies. As a result, their stories were often confused and hard to follow. Organization and monitoring of information are functions of executive control. Thus the observed deficits in narrative production in children with ADHD may reflect underlying deficits in executive processes.This work was supported by funds from Health and Welfare Canada (NHRDP) and Medical Research Council of Canada. Portions of this paper were presented at the annual meeting of the Society for Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, Zandvoort, The Netherlands, June 1991. The authors gratefully acknowledge Michael Marriott and Patricia Fulford for their assistance with data collection and two anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments.     

Women's Writing and the Early Modern Genre Wars

This paper explores two phases of the early modern genre wars. The first was fought by Marie de Gournay, in her “Preface” to Montaigne's Essays, on behalf of her adoptive father and in defense of his naked and masculine prose. The second was fought half a century later by Nicholas Boileau in opposition to Gournay's feminizing successor, Madeleine de Scudéry. In this debate Gournay's position is egalitarian, whereas Scudéry's approximates to a feminism of difference. It is claimed that both female protagonists in this early debate occlude the female body. The far more sexually explicit prose of Mary Delarivier Manley is then used to raise the question: is it genre, or is it, rather, the very nature of erotic sexuality, that makes it so difficult for women to masterfully expose themselves as authoritative subjects?     

Trauma-Informed Child Welfare: From Training to Practice and Policy Change

ABSTRACT

Multiple child welfare systems and agencies have embraced efforts to become more trauma-informed in recent years. However, the field of trauma-informed care is still somewhat in its infancy and only recently has the focus shifted from theoretical concepts into concrete practices that can be identified, measured, evaluated, and sustained over time. One of the key resources designed to help support the development of a trauma-informed child welfare system is the Child Welfare Trauma Training Toolkit (CWTTT). The CWTTT was developed in 2008 as a collaborative process that included members of the Child Welfare Committee of the National Child Traumatic Stress Network (NCTSN). Originally, the CWTTT was developed as a training resource to support child welfare professionals in increasing their understanding regarding trauma and its impact on children. Over time, the CWTTT has undergone multiple iterations and has been involved in numerous state and county initiatives to support their efforts in becoming more trauma-informed. This article will provide historical context on the development of the CWTTT, detailing its evolution since 2007, followed by highlighting the current efforts and future directions of the CWTTT.     

A Study of the Relation of Age Interval to Degree of Resemblance of Siblings in Intelligence

Abstract

(Dennis, W. The Hopi Child. New York: Appleton-Century, 1940. Pp. 204.): Reviewed By Helen Wolfle     

Book reviews

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy, Foundations of Contextual Therapy: Collected Papers of Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy Marilyn Ihinger-Tallman and Kay Paslay, Remarriage Christopher Clulow and Christopher Vincent, In the Child's Best Interests? Divorce Court Welfare and the Search for a Settlement Peter Maher, Child Abuse, the Educational Perspective Norman Fredman and Robert Sherman, Handbook of Measurement for Marriage and Family Therapy Nora Groce, Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language Barrie Thorne and Marilyn Yalom (Eds), Rethinking The Family. Some Feminist Questions Arnold Mindell, The Dreambody in Relationships     

From one room to the other: a story of contamination. The relationship between child and adult analysis

Does the analyst who works with both children and adults using ostensibly the same theoretical model perform similar mental operations in these two fields? The author suggests that child analysis is rooted in a different creative process from that of adults. Comparing the analysis of children to painting and that of adults to writing, and making use of the debate between Virginia Woolf and her sister Vanessa Bell on the relative merits of words and images, the author explores the psychoanalytic debate on the role of child analysis in the development of psychoanalytic theory and practice. Child analysis, initially regarded as an application of psychoanalysis, ended up acting as a catalyst for a true epistemological revolution in the 20th century through the work of Klein and Bion. Playing is not only an alternative medium to words for representing the unconscious but a different method for giving shape to representations through a specific creative process. The reverie which is born in the child analyst’s consulting room reproduces itself through the body’s actions during play, whereas in the adults’ consulting room the analyst’s capacity to dream presupposes the suspension of action. Child analysis, deploying a distinctive creative process that makes use of the body and serves itself of action in its development, may be said to rest on a similar creative process to that of figurative art. For this reason, the child analyst’s mind relates to objects in a different way, being in a more prolonged state of fusion with these as a result of ‘concentration of the body’. The significance of the unspeakable things that take place can often only be conceptualized in après‐coup. Although this difference in the development of the process suggests a significant distinction between the two ‘arts’ of child and adult analysis, the aesthetic sensitivity acquired through child analysis can be profitably used with adults, as will be demonstrated with the help of several clinical examples.     

Parent,teacher, and peer ratings of physically abused and nonmaltreated Children's behavior

Behavior ratings by parents, teachers, and classmates of physically abused fourth to sixth graders, identified from the New York City Maltreatment Register, and case-matched classroom controls, showed substantial concurrence among informants: Parents and teachers both rated significantly more behavioral disturbance in the abused children, and peers' ratings were significantly correlated with adults' ratings, especially those by teachers. Children's exposure to spouse or partner physical abuse, which had a substantial prevalence among both child-abusing and control families, reduced the difference in disturbance ratings between children who were themselves physically abused and those who were not. Overall, we conclude that physically abused children show pervasive behavioral disturbance, in that parents, teachers, and classmates all see higher levels of behavior problems and lower levels of socially desirable behavior in them compared to their nonmaltreated peers.This research was supported in part by research grant R01MH38814 and Clinical Research Center grant MH30906 from the National Institute of Mental Health. The authors thank the New York City Child Welfare Administration, especially Terry Weiss, for facilitating access to the Maltreatment Register; the NYC Board of Education for access to schools; and the many participating superintendents, principals, and teachers. Some preliminary data were presented as a poster at the Meetings of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, New York, 1989.     

Exploratory Experiments in Color Discrimination

Gesell, A., Amatruda, C. S., Castner, B. M., &; Thompson, H. Biographies of Child Development. New York: Harper, 1939. Pp. 328.) Reviewed by Livingston Welch

Muenzinger, K. F. Psychology: The Science of Behavior. Denver: World Press, 1940. Pp. XIII + 343.) Reviewed by Egon Brunswik     

Mothers' attachment representations and choice of infant care: center care vs. home

In the debate concerning the effects of day care on infant development, insufficient attention has been paid to the potential relationship between pre‐existing emotional differences among mothers and the type of care they choose for their infants. To shed light on this issue, this study examines the attachment representations of mothers who choose day‐care centres as opposed to mothers who choose to remain at home with their infants. Participants were 76 primiparous mothers. Mothers' attachment classifications were assessed by the Adult Attachment Interview [AAI; Main M, Kaplan N, Cassidy J. 1985. Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: a move to the level of representation. In Growing Points of Attachment Theory and Research. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50, (1–2, serial no. 209), Bretherton I, Waters E (eds); 66–104]. Results indicate that more Day‐care than Home‐Care mothers are classified as insecurely attached. These results highlight the contribution of maternal emotional characteristics to the effects of diverse child care arrangements on infant development. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A correction for replicated error in correlation coefficients

A solution is presented to the problem of determining a proper correction for spuriousness in correlation coefficients. The general case developed is the estimate of correlation betweenu andv, both being linear functions of the same set of variables. Special formulae relate to overlapping scales correlations, part-whole correlations, and item-total test correlations.The research and development reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education, under the provisions of the Cooperative Research Program. This research was conducted by the Evaluation Division of the Research and Development Center in Educational Stimulation. The authors wish to thank E. E. Cureton for his helpful suggestions.     

Information theory measures of grammatical goodness-of-fit

Reasons for the declining use of information-theory-based statistics were reviewed, and were found to reflect overly grandiose or overly constrained interpretations of distributional uncertainty measures. The range of definitions of H as a characterization of dispersion was extended to cases in which the scope, mode or specification, and unit of count were not limited to single terminal units. Information statistics may be generally described as reflecting the fit between a given grammar and a given language sample.Preparation of the article was partially supported by a grant from the U.S. Office of Education to the Early Education Research Center, University of Chicago.This article is based on papers given by the senior author at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Spring 1969, and at the University of Iowa Conference on Language, October, 1970.     

The Church of Greece in critical times: reflections through philanthropy

In this article we reflect on the position and role of the Orthodox Church of Greece in contemporary Greek society as the latter is ravaged by a multi-layered crisis. This we do through the study of the discursive prerequisites and underlying logic governing the philanthropic response of the Church to the crisis, as promulgated by the Church’s major institutional settings, the Synodical Committee on Social Welfare and Beneficence and the Archdiocesan Anti-Poverty Fund. Viewing the Church and the state as uneasy partners in the process of the modernisation of Greece, we first consider the Church’s understanding of the crisis before focusing on the way this informs the practice of the above-mentioned institutional settings. We conclude with some thoughts on the Church’s attempt to transcend the secular–religious divide through imbuing its philanthropic praxis with its transcendental Christian hope.     

The controversy around the concept of archetypes

The paper reviews the course of the controversy surrounding Jung's theory of archetypes beginning in the mid 1990s and continuing to the present. Much of this controversy was concerned with the debate between the essentialism of the evolutionary position of Anthony Stevens as found in his 1983 book Archetypes: A Natural History of the Self, and the emergence model of the archetypes proposed in various publications by Hogenson, Knox and Merchant, among others. The paper then moves on to a consideration of more recent developments in theory, particularly as derived from an examination of the philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who introduces Bergson's somnambulistic unconscious into the discussion of Jung's theories. It is suggested that this largely unexamined influence on Jung may provide answers to some of the unanswered questions surrounding his theorizing. The paper concludes by suggesting that the notion of the somnambulistic unconscious may resemble Atmanspacher's argument for a dual‐aspect monism interpretation of Jung.     

How to do philosophy of religion: towards a possible speaking about the impossible

Abstract

It is postulated from different philosophical traditions, and explicitly in recent literature, that there is no further need for doing philosophy of religion – it has become an impossible task. I argue, however, that there remains a philosophical space for this practice and that this space determines greatly how philosophy of religion can be done. The starting point of my argument is the current discussion in the SAJP between De Wet and Giddy and the significance of my article is that it puts this debate within the broader international philosophical context by engaging the work of Trakakis and Desmond to resolve some of the apparently intractable issues raised. Trakakis discusses the divide between the analytic and continental philosophical traditions in which De Wet and Giddy’s work is further contextualized and clarified. Desmond’s work is seminal in its search for a metaxology wherein he advocates a new ‘in between’ position for doing philosophy of religion. I take this view of Desmond further by applying it to the current debate in South Africa and also using it to indicate some possibilities of speaking about the impossible.     

Gender and well-being in the Czech Republic

American women are stressed by network events and men by economic events outside the home, with women internalizing distress symptoms and men externalizing them. This gender pattern of stress-distress in the United States was tested in the 1990–1991 Czech Republic with a two-wave panel based on 294 households, 90% of which are Czech. This analysis is restricted to the 192 respondents who completed questionnaires in the second wave, 1991. The country was in the shock phase of its transition from state socialism to democracy and a market economy, and people were experiencing economic hardship and uncertainty. Czech women and men reported similar exposure to economic and network stress and were similar in their vulnerability to stress (mastery and social support) as well. Women reported higher levels of internalized distress symptoms (depression, anxiety, and somatization) than men, but there were no significant gender differences in externalized symptoms (hostility). The effects of economic and network stress on the distress symptoms were the same for women and men. Mastery buffered the relationship between economic stress and somatization and hostility, but social support was not a buffer between the stressors and distress, and these were true for both men and women. Interpretations of the results rest on the convergence of gender roles in the Czech Republic since 1948, which exposed Czech women and men equally to the shock phase of the post-communist transformation.Research for this paper was supported by the National Institutes of Mental Health (MH50369), NATO, and IREX, with funds provided by the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the U.S. Department of State. Partial support was provided by Iowa State University and the Agriculture University of Prague as well. Lorenz was also funded by the Iowa Agricultural and Home Economics Experimentation Station. None of these organizations is responsible for the views expressed.     

Using the 11-item Version of the RCADS to Identify Anxiety and Depressive Disorders in Adolescents

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - The purpose of this study was to identify items from the Revised Children’s Anxiety and Depression Scale – RCADS-C/P that provided a...     

Balthasar and the Eclipse of Nietzsche

This essay is about Hans Urs von Balthasar’s critical appropriation of Nietzsche as a prophetic and apocalyptic thinker whose thought presents a challenge to a tired European culture and a petrified form of Christianity. But it is also about a particular expiration date for this critical appropriation which can be dated to the 1940s. The bulk of the essay deals with two early texts of Balthasar in which Nietzsche is a dominant figure, that is, Balthasar’s dissertation, Geschichte des eschatologischen Problems in der modernen Literatur (1928) and Apokalypse der deutschen Seele (1939). The centrality of Nietzsche in these texts makes it all the more shocking that by the mid 1940s Balthasar’s engagement has essentially come to an end. The hypothesis put forward is not that the questions raised by Nietzsche have ceased to have pertinence, but that Heidegger, who had also from the beginning been an important figure for Balthasar, essentially takes over Nietzsche’s apocalyptic provocation and thereby eclipses him. Thereafter, Heidegger becomes not only the emblem of the best that Phenomenology can do, but also of a form of Nietzschianism that is more subtle and complex in its negotiations with Christianity and precisely for that reason more dangerous.