Personality and social cognitive influences on exercise behavior: adding the activity trait to the theory of planned behavior

Objectives: To replicate findings for a direct effect of the activity personality trait on exercise behavior while controlling for the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), and to investigate a possible moderating effect for gender.Method: Undergraduate students (N=298) completed measures of the TPB, activity trait, and a two-week follow-up of exercise behavior.Results: The activity trait had a significant (p<0.01) direct effect on both exercise intention and behavior while controlling for the TPB, with no moderating effect of gender (p>0.05).Conclusions: The activity trait predicts exercise intention and behavior independent of social cognition even over a short two week period. The TPB may need to broaden its measurement domain in order to mediate the effect of personality on behavior. Moreover, exercise practitioners may need to consider personality when developing interventions.     

Kripke Sheaf Completeness of some Superintuitionistic Predicate Logics with a Weakened Constant Domains Principle

The completeness w.r.t. Kripke frames with equality (or, equivalently, w.r.t. Kripke sheaves, [8] or [4, Sect. 3.6]) is established for three superintuitionistic predicate logics: (Q-H + D*), (Q-H + D*&K), (Q-H + D*&K&J). Here Q-H is intuitionistic predicate logic, J is the principle of the weak excluded middle, K is Kuroda’s axiom, and D* (cf. [12]) is a weakened version of the well-known constant domains principle D. Namely, the formula D states that any individual has ancestors in earlier worlds, and D* states that any individual has ${\neg\neg}$ -ancestors (i.e., ancestors up to ${\neg\neg}$ -equality) in earlier worlds. In particular, the logic (Q-H + D*&K&J) is the Kripke sheaf completion of (Q-H + E&K&J), where E is a version of Markov’s principle (cf. [12]). On the other hand, we show that the logic (Q-H + D*&J) is incomplete w.r.t. Kripke sheaves.     

The pendular mechanism does not determine the optimal speed of loaded walking on gradients

The pendular mechanism does not act as a primary mechanism in uphill walking due to the monotonic behavior of the mechanical energies of the center of mass. Nevertheless, recent evidence shows that there is an important minimization of energy expenditure by the pendular mechanism during walking on uphill gradients. In this study, we analyzed the optimum speed (OPT) of loaded human walking and the pendulum-like determining variables (Recovery R, Instantaneous pendular re-conversion R_int, and Congruity percentage %Cong). Ten young men walked on a treadmill at five different speeds and at three different treadmill incline gradients (0, +7 and +15%), with and without a load carried in their backpacks. We used indirect calorimetry and 3D motion analysis, and all of the data were analyzed by computational algorithms. R_int increased at higher speeds and decreased with increasing gradient. R and %Cong decreased with increasing gradient and increased with speed, independent of load. Thus, energy conversion by the pendular mechanism during walking on a 15% gradient is supported, and although this mechanism can explain the maintenance of OPT at low walking speeds, the pendular mechanism does not fully explain the energy minimization at higher speeds.     

The strong proof from hypotheses and conditionals: Some theorems of deduction for relevant systems

The aim of this paper is to present a modified version of the notion of strong proof from hypotheses (definition D2), and to give three deduction theorems for the relevant logicsR (theoremsT1, andT2) andE (theoremT3).     

On mediation

The mediation-nonmediation dichotomy proposed by the Kendlers (Psychological Review, 1962, 69, 1–16) and subscribed to by Cole and Medin (Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 1973, 15, 352–355) is reviewed and critiqued. It is proposed that the appropriate question for research is how children mediate, not when they mediate.     

Social status and friendship in peer victimization trajectories

Background/Objective: Most studies have evaluated victimization at a single time point, making it difficult to determine the impact of the time during which an individual is victimized. This longitudinal study aims to examine the differences in the levels of social status (social preference and perceived popularity) and friendship in peer victimization trajectories, and to analyse if there were changes over time in the levels of social status and friendship in each trajectory. Method: The final sample was composed of 1,239 students (49% girls) with ages between 9 and 18 (M = 12.23, SD = 1.73), from 22 schools in southern Spain. Peer nominations were collected. Results: The General Linear Model results associated the highest levels of social preference, perceived popularity and friendship with the sporadic victimization profile and the lowest levels of these dimensions with the stable profile. Conclusions:The results are discussed based on important personal aspects of stable victimization that confirms social rejection, unpopularity, and the low social support that victimization causes. This contribution is discussed in terms of health and social welfare in adolescence.     

On aspiring to present a developmental theory of occupational aspirations: A reader's guide to Gottfredson

L. S. Gottfredson's preceding comment (Journal of Vocational Behavior 1983, 23, 203–212)is characterized by undocumented and arbitrary assertions. Moreover, we still maintain and cite further evidence that the features of the stages she describes represent an implausible account of development. We conclude that there is nothing in either L. S. Gottfredson's original (Journal of Counseling Psychology 1981, 28, 545–579) article or her preceding paper that leads us to alter our belief that the views we present in our own article (Journal of Vocational Behavior 1983, 23, 179–212) will be useful for the future development of vocational theory and intervention.     

On Gentzen Relations Associated with Finite-valued Logics Preserving Degrees of Truth

When considering m-sequents, it is always possible to obtain an m-sequent calculus VL for every m-valued logic (defined from an arbitrary finite algebra L of cardinality m) following for instance the works of the Vienna Group for Multiple-valued Logics. The Gentzen relations associated with the calculi VL are always finitely equivalential but might not be algebraizable. In this paper we associate an algebraizable 2-Gentzen relation with every sequent calculus VL in a uniform way, provided the original algebra L has a reduct that is a distributive lattice or a pseudocomplemented distributive lattice. We also show that the sentential logic naturally associated with the provable sequents of this algebraizable Gentzen relation is the logic that preserves degrees of truth with respect to the original algebra (in contrast with the more common logic that merely preserves truth). Finally, for some particular logics we obtain 2-sequent calculi that axiomatize the algebraizable Gentzen relations obtained so far.     

Modeling an experiment on construing self and others

In this paper we analyze the results of two repertory grid experiments in which subjects categorized themselves and others on bipolar constructs (Adams-Webber and Rodney, Canadian Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 1983, 15, No 1, 52–59). We attempt to explain these results on the basis of the assumption that the subjects relied upon a special “algebraic processor” for modeling the self and others, previously described by Lefebvre (Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1980, 22, 83–120; Algebra of conscience: A comparative analysis of western and soviet ethical systems, 1982, Reidel: Dordrecht; Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 1985, 29, 289–310).     

Identifying coordination between joint movements during a throwing task with multiple degrees of freedom

It is known that coordination between joint movements is crucial for the achievement of motor tasks and has been studied extensively. Especially, in sports biomechanics, researchers are interested in determining which joint movements are coordinated to achieve a motor task. However, this issue cannot be easily addressed with the methods employed in previous studies. Therefore, we aimed to propose a method for identifying joint coordination. Subsequently, we examined which joint movements were coordinated using accurate overhead throwing, which required reduction in vertical hand velocity variability. Fourteen baseball players participated by attempting throwing using a motion capture system. The index of coordination for each joint movement and the effect of deviation of one joint movement on vertical hand velocity were quantified. Our results showed that the shoulder internal/external rotation angle (θ_1-IE) and the other joint movements or the shoulder horizontal flexion/extension angular velocity (ω_1-FE) and the other joint movements were coordinated. These results could be explained by the fact that the effects of the deviation of the shoulder internal rotation angle (θ_1-I) and shoulder horizontal flexion angular velocity (ω_1-F) on vertical hand velocity were larger than those of the other joint movements. This meant that it was necessary to cancel the deviations of θ_1-IE and ω_1-FE by the other joint movements. These findings indicate that the method proposed in this study enables the identification of which joint movements are coordinated in multiple degrees of freedom.     

The MBR metric

P. H. Schönemann's (1982, Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 19, 317–319; 1983, Journal of Mathematical Psychology, 27, 311–324) MBR metric is designed to account for distortion effects in distance estimates caused by upper bounds in the response scales. To test the MBR hypothesis, given data have to be transformed first into the half-open interval [0, 1). This is achieved by defining the greatest distance estimate as the upper bound, and then dividing all values by this bound plus some “small constant” e, which ensures that the interval is open. How e should be picked is left open. It is shown here that very small differences in the value chosen for e have massive effects on the fit of the MBR model. Moreover, if e → 0, then the fit will eventually get bad for all realistic data.     

An Inconsistency-Adaptive Deontic Logic for Normative Conflicts

We present the inconsistency-adaptive deontic logic DP ^r , a nonmonotonic logic for dealing with conflicts between normative statements. On the one hand, this logic does not lead to explosion in view of normative conflicts such as O A?∧?O ～A, O A?∧?P ～A or even O A?∧?～O A. On the other hand, DP ^r still verifies all intuitively reliable inferences valid in Standard Deontic Logic (SDL). DP ^r interprets a given premise set ‘as normally as possible’ with respect to SDL. Whereas some SDL-rules are verified unconditionally by DP ^r , others are verified conditionally. The latter are applicable unless they rely on formulas that turn out to behave inconsistently in view of the premises. This dynamic process is mirrored by the proof theory of DP ^r .     

The mediating role of trait emotional intelligence,prosocial behaviour,parental support and parental psychological control on the relationship between war trauma,and PTSD and depression

Objectives: This study investigates the relationship between trait emotional intelligence (trait EI), prosocial behaviour, parental support, and parental psychological control on one hand and PTSD and depression symptoms on the other hand after exposure to war-traumatic events among Palestinian children and adolescents in the Gaza Strip. Methods: The sample consists of 1,029 students aged 11–17 year old. Of them 533 (51.8%) were female and 496 (48.2%) were male. The following measures were used in the study: War-Traumatic Events Checklist (W-TECh), Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire – Adolescent Short Form (TEIQue-ASF), prosocial behaviour (as part of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire - SDQ), parental support scale, Parental Psychological Control scale, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorders Symptoms Scale (PTSDSS) and the depression scale. Results: 88.4% (N: 909) experienced personal trauma, 83.7% (N: 861) witnessed trauma to others, and 88.3% (N: 908) have seen demolition of property during the war, mostly by boys. The results also demonstrated that the prevalence of PTSD diagnosis according to DSM-V is 53.5% (N: 549). Further, there is a negative correlation between trait EI and prosocial behaviour in one hand and parental psychological control and PTSD and depression symptoms in the other hand. Likewise, a negative correlation was found between parental support and depression symptoms. Low trait EI and parental psychological control significantly mediated the relationship between exposure to war trauma, and PTSD and depression. In addition, negative parenting factors and low prosocial behavior significantly predicted depression. Conclusion: Trait EI and parental support can be utilized in interventions to empower children and adolescents’ emotional abilities, to strengthen their resilience in facing traumatic event exposure, and thus reduce its effect on PTSD and depression symptoms.