青少年吸烟行为的预防和干预

青少年吸烟行为的预防和干预研究已成为当前心理学研究的热点问题。该文着重对迄今为止的4种以学校为基础的预防和干预模式,即健康教育干预模式、社会影响干预模式、社会技能干预模式和认知—发展干预模式进行了回顾和评价,并对正在蓬勃兴起的家庭和社区预防和干预方案做了介绍,在此基础上阐述了青少年吸烟预防和干预研究的发展趋势和方向。     

生态系统理论下的青少年心理危机干预探析

青少年危机干预的研究对于青少年心理的健康成长具有非常重要的意义。本文对近年来青少年心理危机干预的相关文献进行了总结,在尊重青少年身心发展特点的基础上,以生态系统理论为视角,对青少年心理危机的预防、干预、追踪的相关内容进行了详细的探究,以期为我国青少年心理危机干预体系的建构提供一定的借鉴。     

青少年吸烟行为:现状、影响因素和预防干预

本文总结了我们自1991年以来有关青少年吸烟行为现状、危害、影响因素以及预防干预研究的部分成果.文章揭示,我国青少年吸烟是一个非常严重的现象,青少年自身、同伴、家庭和社会等很多因素都对青少年的吸烟行为产生影响.在研究基础上,自行开发的"远离香烟"青少年吸烟行为预防干预方案具有一定的即时和长期的干预效果.文章最后,还对今后的研究进行了一定的展望.     

青少年自杀行为的保护性因素探讨

青少年自杀已引起广泛的社会关注。以青少年自杀行为和保护性因素为线索,回顾了国内外对青少年自杀行为的保护性因素研究概况,并对其进行总结概括。青少年自杀行为的保护性因素主要体现在积极的应对方式、心理韧性、社会支持、朋辈心理辅导、宗教信仰及活着的理由等方面,并且对青少年自杀行为的预防和干预措施进行简要论述,进一步探讨青少年自杀的防护体系,以期为预防和干预青少年自杀行为的发生提供帮助,降低青少年自杀风险。     

青少年网络成瘾的预防与干预研究

网络成瘾障碍(Internet Addiction Disorder,IAD)已成为影响青少年身心健康和正常学业表现的重要因素。针对青少年网络成瘾的心理预防与干预研究已开展逾十年,分析与总结显示,已有研究采用个体、团体等不同干预模式,采用认知行为、动机激发等不同咨询与治疗理论,对青少年网络成瘾行为的干预进行了大量探索;其中以团体干预模式及认知行为疗法为主导,并呈现多模式多理论相融合的趋势。借鉴已有研究的成果与不足,我们采用家庭治疗、认知行为、动机激发等多种咨询与治疗理论,结合心理需求网络满足优势等网络成瘾理论,形成了个体-家庭-学校的多水平预防与干预方案,并得到了实证研究的检验。今后的研究应进一步考虑青少年网络成瘾的生理因素,将生物-心理-社会三方面相结合形成系统性的网络成瘾预防与干预模式。     

青少年的吸烟行为

青少年吸烟现象已成为我国社会各界日益关注的问题。然而,从心理学角度开展的研究还很少。本文从青少年吸烟的普遍性、青少年吸烟的影响因素、青少年吸烟的不良后果及青少年吸烟的预防和干预方法四个方面对国内外现有的一些研究进行综述,为我国开展该领域的研究提供一些借鉴。     

俄勒冈社会学习中心反社会行为预防与干预研究述评

简要回顾了美国俄勒冈社会学习中心的发展历程,重点介绍了该机构的主要研究课题内容和研究成果。该中心在应用研究领域,主要是针对问题儿童在课堂场景及其家中进行干预。其基础性研究致力于家庭、同伴以及社会背景对青少年行为发展模式的长期影响。俄勒冈社会学习中心针对青少年开展的早期经验、应激神经生理学和病原学的研究,以及以家庭、学校、福利制度、司法制度等背景开展的对收养家庭养育、受虐孩子、受监禁父母的孩子、问题青少年反社会行为的预防与干预研究对我国青少年的干预研究都富有借鉴意义     

家庭功能与青少年犯罪的关系的研究进展

本文对近年来国内外有关家庭功能与青少年犯罪的关系方面的研究进行了综述,诸多研究得到了非常一致的结论,即以家庭情感关系为主要内容的家庭功能系统与青少年犯罪有着非常密切的关系,家庭功能对青少年犯罪有非常显著的预测作用;以改善家庭功能为基础的干预项目,对预防青少年犯罪有着重要的作用。     

青少年攻击行为干预研究的新进展

攻击行为是影响青少年心理行为发展的重要因素,青少年某些心理行为发展结果也与攻击行为相关。因此．攻击行为发展作为一个世界性的课题引起了众多研究者的专注。该文从干预实质、干预发端、干预效果、干预方法等方面考察了国外近年来青少年攻击行为发展的研究成果。同时该文指出信息互联网络时代青少年攻击行为可能表现出新的特点。该文也指出现有研究的主要特点与未来研究的发展趋势。     

青少年吸烟行为的预防与干预

以两所普通中学的573名初一、初二、高一和高二的学生为被试,随机将每个年级的两个斑分成干预组和控制组,干预组接受名为“远离香烟”(SAFT)的预防和干预方案,方案包括四个成分：即健康教育、识别并抵制同伴压力、大众媒体影响以及吸烟认知,以达到延缓或减少青少年吸烟行为的目的。方案共包括7次活动,每次45分钟,每周开展一次活动,共持续7周。结果发现：（1）干预组后测中的上个月吸烟行为比前测降低了5．2％,而控制组后测吸烟行为则上升了2．3％。同样的趋势表现在不同性别、不同年级的青少年身上;(2)预防和干预方案对减少干预组偶尔吸烟者的吸烟行为尤其有效;(3)在吸烟认知的转变上,干预组后测比前测更显著或接近显著地反对吸烟会带来友谊和形象等方面的好处,更赞同吸烟的危害性。而控制组则正相反;(4)方案可以有效地提高干预组的抵制技能;(5)在所有的干预成分中,只有后测吸烟与友谊的认识以及吸烟危害认识可以显著地预测干预组青少年的后测吸烟行为,而没有一个变量可预测控制组后测吸烟行为;(6)预防和干预条件通过后测吸烟好处、吸烟危害认识间接地对青少年后测吸烟行为产生影响。     

Initial internal reliability and descriptive statistics for a brief assessment tool for the Life Skills Training drug-abuse prevention program

Adolescent drug use in the United States remains the highest in the industrialized world. Fortunately there have been significant advances in developing effective prevention programs for adolescent drug use. An important issue in evaluating such programs is that the self-report surveys have adequate psychometric properties and assess constructs targeted by an intervention. A questionnaire focusing on knowledge and drug-related measures was developed to evaluate the research-based Life Skills Training drug prevention intervention. The questionnaire showed good internal reliability, detected change from pretest to posttest, and was brief and easy to complete by 45 middle-school students.     

Do the effects of a family intervention on alcohol and drug use vary by nativity status?

To examine whether the intervention effects of Familias Unidas, compared to community practice, on Hispanic adolescent alcohol and drug use varies by nativity status (i.e., U.S.-born and foreign-born). A total of 213 eighth grade Hispanic adolescents with behavior problems and their primary caregivers were assigned randomly to one of two conditions: Familias Unidas or Community Control. Participants were assessed at baseline and at 6, 18, and 30 months post baseline. Results showed that, the effects of Familias Unidas on alcohol use was moderated by nativity status. Specifically, Familias Unidas was efficacious in preventing/reducing alcohol use for U.S.-born youth, but not foreign-born. No moderating effects were found for drug use. These findings suggest that prevention interventions may be more efficacious in preventing/reducing alcohol use among certain Hispanic adolescent subgroups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved).     

感觉寻求对工读生毒品使用的影响：有中介的调节效应

以523名工读生为调查对象,考察工读生毒品使用特点,并在控制相关人口学变量后,探讨感觉寻求、压力性生活事件、结交不良同伴与工读生毒品使用的关系。结果显示：（1）工读生的毒品使用行为严重,34.2%的工读生曾使用过毒品,毒品使用呈现低龄化、以吸食新型毒品为主的趋势。（2）工读生的感觉寻求是毒品使用的风险因素。（3）压力性生活事件对感觉寻求与毒品使用之间的关系具有风险增强的调节效应。（4）这种调节效应以结交不良同伴为中介变量。因此,感觉寻求对工读生毒品使用的影响是有中介的调节效应。研究结果对青少年毒品使用的预防和干预有重要的理论价值和参考价值。     

Sustaining the Utilization and High Quality Implementation of Tested and Effective Prevention Programs Using the Communities That Care Prevention System

This paper describes the extent to which communities implementing the Communities That Care (CTC) prevention system adopt, replicate with fidelity, and sustain programs shown to be effective in reducing adolescent drug use, delinquency, and other problem behaviors. Data were collected from directors of community‐based agencies and coalitions, school principals, service providers, and teachers, all of whom participated in a randomized, controlled evaluation of CTC in 24 communities. The results indicated significantly increased use and sustainability of tested, effective prevention programs in the 12 CTC intervention communities compared to the 12 control communities, during the active phase of the research project when training, technical assistance, and funding were provided to intervention sites, and 2 years following provision of such resources. At both time points, intervention communities also delivered prevention services to a significantly greater number of children and parents. The quality of implementation was high in both conditions, with only one significant difference: CTC sites were significantly more likely than control sites to monitor the quality of implementation during the sustainability phase of the project.     

Ecstasy use and suicidal behavior among adolescents: findings from a national survey

The relationship between ecstasy use and suicidal behavior among adolescents in the United States was examined. Data from the adolescent subsample (ages 12-17, N = 19,301) of the 2000 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse were used in the analyses. Information on adolescent substance use, suicidal behaviors, and related sociodemographic, family, and individual factors was obtained in the survey. The rate of past year suicide attempt among adolescents with lifetime ecstasy use was almost double that of adolescents who had used other drugs only, and nine times that of adolescents with no history of illicit drug use. In multinomial logistic regression analyses controlling for related factors, the effect of ecstasy use remained significant. Adolescent ecstasy users may require enhanced suicide prevention and intervention efforts.     

Adolescent socialization and use of licit and illicit substances: Impact on adult health

Abstract

This study examined the impact of adolescent substance use on young adult health. Longitudinal data from 825 participants were assessed when the participants were junior high school and high school students (1969-1973) and again in 1981. Latent variable models were used to determine what effect adolescent drug use had on later health. General substance use, which included tobacco, alcohol, stimulants, sedatives, and other hard drugs, had a small effect on adult health problems associated with substance use, and also predicted accidents related to substance use. In addition, the specific use of tobacco and cannabis in adolescence predicted later respiratory problems, while cigarette smoking during adolescence also predicted decreased physical hardiness. Lower adolescent socialization predicted post high school accidents (automobile and other) serious enough to require medical attention, and predicted increased psychosomatic and seizure symptoms, as well as general psychiatric distress. Implications of these results for the successful prevention or intervention of drug use are discussed. In addition to these results, gender differences are also examined.     

The Longitudinal Impact of a Family-Based Communication Intervention on Observational and Self-Reports of Sexual Communication

Parents can play a vital role in shaping teenagers’ sexual attitudes, behavior, and contraceptive use through communication, however, less is known about how to modify parent–adolescent communication among youth with mental health problems. The impact of a family-based sexual risk prevention intervention on both observational and self-report of parent–adolescent sexual communication was examined at 12 months among adolescents with mental health problems. Of the 721 parent–adolescent dyads recruited for the study, 167 videotapes of sexual discussions between parents and adolescent were coded for the family-based intervention and 191 videotapes for the active comparison. Longitudinal analyses examined differences between conditions (family-based vs. comparison) in self-reported and observed parent–adolescent sexual discussions and also examined the impact of gender on intervention response. More parent I-statements, healthier parent body language, and fewer adolescent Negative Vocalizations were detected for family-based intervention participants 12 months after participating in the brief intervention (11?h of total intervention time) relative to those in the comparison condition. Parents in the family-based intervention also self-reported better sexual communication at 12 months. The current study provides supporting evidence that a relatively brief family-based intervention was successful at addressing parent–adolescent sexual communication among a mental health sample.     

A network of influences on adolescent drug involvement: neighborhood, school, peer, and family

The interrelationship of neighborhood, school, peer, and family factors and adolescent drug involvement was investigated. Data were collected separately from 518 adolescents and their mothers when the children were between 9 and 18 years of age and again two years later. Neighborhood and school effects were not directly related to adolescent drug use. Neighborhood effects were mediated through the domains of school, peer, and family; school effects were mediated through the peer domain. Family and peer variables had a direct impact on adolescent drug involvement. Risk factors in the adolescents' peer environment can be ameliorated by protective factors in their school environment. Implications for the prevention of drug use are discussed.     

Social influence processes affecting adolescent substance use

Social influence is central to models of adolescent substance use. Nonetheless, researchers fail to delineate the various forms of social influence. A framework that distinguishes between active (explicit drug offers) and passive (social modeling and overestimation of friends' use) social pressure was tested. The effect of these processes on alcohol and cigarette use was examined with 526 seventh graders taking part in an alcohol prevention program. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that pretest measures of alcohol use, offers, modeling, and overestimation each accounted for unique variance in posttest alcohol use. Similar results were obtained for cigarette smoking. The general model was not significantly different for boys and girls, or for prior users and prior nonusers, supporting the generalizability of the framework. Implications for intervention programs are discussed.