Development and Initial Validation of the Child Routines Inventory

The importance of establishing predictable routines during childhood consistently has been emphasized in the popular parenting literature, despite a paucity of empirical evidence. The lack of research may be partially due to a lack of suitable instruments designed to measure children's routines. This study describes development and preliminary psychometric data in support of the Child Routines Inventory (CRI), an empirically derived, content-valid, parent-report measure of commonly occurring routines in school-aged children. Principal components analysis yielded a four-factor structure (composed of 36 items), accounting for 44.2% of the total variance. The CRI was found to have excellent internal consistency ( = .90), good test-retest reliability (r = .86), and preliminary evidence of construct validity, demonstrating a moderate relationship with measures of child behavior problems and family routines. These results suggest the CRI to be a promising new measure of child routines that would benefit from further validation studies.     

Development and Validation of a Child Version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory

Surprisingly, only 3 self-report measures that directly assess pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) have been developed. In addition, these scales have typically been developed in small samples and fail to provide a quick assessment of symptoms across multiple domains. Therefore, the current paper presents initial psychometric data for a quick assessment of pediatric OCD across multiple symptom domains, a child version of the Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (the OCI-CV). Data from a sample of over 100 youth ages 7 to 17 with a primary DSM-IV diagnosis of OCD support the use of the 21-item OCI-CV. Results support the use of the OCI-CV as a general index of OCD symptom severity and in 6 symptom domains parallel to those assessed by the revised adult version of the scale (OCI-R). The OCI-CV showed strong retest reliability after approximately 1.5 weeks in a subsample of 64 participants and was significantly correlated with clinician-rated OCD symptom severity and parent and child reports of dysfunction related to OCD. Significantly stronger correlations with self-reported anxiety than with depressive symptoms provide initial support for the divergent validity of the measure. Finally, preliminary data with 88 treatment completers suggest that the OCI-CV is sensitive to change.     

Preliminary Validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory with Taiwanese Clinic-Referred Children

The Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) has previously been shown to be a psychometrically sound instrument used to assess disruptive behaviors in children in the United States and in other cultures/countries but not in Taiwan. The purpose of this study was to examine the factor structure and to establish the discriminative validity of the ECBI with two groups of Taiwanese children: 70 clinic-referred children with clinically elevated externalizing behavior problems and 70 community-based matched comparison children. Exploratory factor analyses resulted in a six-factor model for the clinic-referred sample and a five-factStrengths and Difficultieor model for the matched comparison sample, indicating that the ECBI is not unidimensional. Adequate convergent and divergent validity also were established between the ECBI Intensity and Problem Scales and another measure of child externalizing (for assessing convergent validity) and internalizing (for determining divergent validity) behavior. The results of the present study suggest that the ECBI is a valid measure of assessing externalizing behavior problems in Taiwanese children. Future research may seek to refine the factor structure of the ECBI in a Taiwanese sample. Future studies are also needed to examine other psychometrics of the ECBI, replicate this study with a larger sample, and establish its normative data in Taiwan.     

Psychometric Properties of the Child Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory in a Sample of Brazilian Children

Cognitive models of trauma propose that maladaptive cognitions in children and adolescents are causally implicated in the unfolding and maintenance of posttraumatic response. The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Child Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (CPTCI). The sample included 131 children and adolescents. The psychometric properties of the CPTCI were examined, including reliability and convergent validity. The results showed high internal consistency for both CPTCI total scale (α = .90) and its subscales (CPTCI–PC α = .88 and CPTCI–SW α = .79) and a 2-component solution explaining 37.63% of the variance of CPTCI. Convergent validity evidence was obtained through correlations with the Trauma Symptom Checklist for Children and Children’s Depression Inventory. Findings suggest that CPTCI instruments are reliable and had adequate evidence of validity.     

Factor Structure and Discriminative Validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory With Young Children

This study examined the factor structure and discriminative validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) with community-based and clinic-referred samples of young children (2–6 years). In the community sample, confirmatory factor analysis indicated a three-factor structure with components reflecting Inattentive, Oppositional Defiant, and Conduct Problem Behavior. In the clinic sample, component scores differentiated children with specific behavior problems from children without significant externalizing symptoms. However, component scores did not differentiate within the externalizing spectrum. The data suggest that ECBI components may be useful to screen community-based and clinic-referred young children for externalizing symptoms, but may be less useful to identify children with specific behavior problems.     

The Altruistic Other Orientation: An Exploration of Female Powerlessness

A construct, the altruistic other orientation (AOO), is introduced and used to examine a life-long attitude of self-sacrifice in women originating in the male-female relationship. Research exploring this construct utilizes the Walstedt Altruistic Other scale and a revision of the Schaefer Parent Attitude Research Instrument on a sample of 106 middle-aged women. The hypothesis that women who do not accept the altruistic other orientation are more likely to be self-supporting in their middle years and attain more academic degrees than those who do was confirmed (p < .001). In addition, father socialization practices were found to be significantly correlated with the daughter's academic achievement, economic independence, and AOO adoption (p < .05 to p < .001).     

The Relationship of the Family Social Environment,Peer Influences,and Peer Relationships to Altruistic Orientation in Chinese Children

This study investigated the correlation between the family social environment, peer influences, and peer relationships to altruistic orientation in Chinese children. Results in the present study showed that (a) altruistic orientation measured by the Child Altruism Inventory (H. K. Ma & M. C. Leung, 1991) was directly associated with a positive family social environment, (b) altruistic orientation was directly associated with positive peer influences and was inversely associated with negative peer influences, and (c) altruistic orientation was directly associated with perceived prosocial behavior of one's best friend and inversely associated with perceived antisocial behavior of one's best friend. The findings suggested that a good family social environment, positive peer influences, and good peer relationships tended to increase altruistic orientation.     

医疗活动中的利他主义与医务人员的价值取向

医学的目的是增进人的健康,当今医疗技术主义和医疗市场在诱惑医学超越固有疆界.医疗行业必须坚持正确的价值取向,社会公众利益最大化是医疗卫生服务的基本目标.市场经济条件下的医疗卫生服务具有无私利他的道德责任和追求利益的需求,医疗市场中的利他行为包括无私利他与为己利他,为病人最大利益着想是医护专业最根本的道德规范与责任.     

医疗活动中的利他主义与医务人员的价值取向

医学的目的是增进人的健康,当今医疗技术主义和医疗市场在诱惑医学超越固有疆界。医疗行业必须坚持正确的价值取向,社会公众利益最大化是医疗卫生服务的基本目标。市场经济条件下的医疗卫生服务具有无私利他的道德责任和追求利益的需求,医疗市场中的利他行为包括无私利他与为己利他,为病人最大利益着想是医护专业最根本的道德规范与责任。     

A New Measure to Assess Psychopathic Personality in Children: The Child Problematic Traits Inventory

Understanding the development of psychopathic personality from childhood to adulthood is crucial for understanding the development and stability of severe and long-lasting conduct problems and criminal behavior. This paper describes the development of a new teacher rated instrument to assess psychopathic personality from age three to 12, the Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI). The reliability and validity of the CPTI was tested in a Swedish general population sample of 2,056 3- to 5-year-olds (mean age?=?3.86; SD?=?.86; 53 % boys). The CPTI items loaded distinctively on three theoretically proposed factors: a Grandiose-Deceitful Factor, a Callous-Unemotional factor, and an Impulsive-Need for Stimulation factor. The three CPTI factors showed reliability in internal consistency and external validity, in terms of expected correlations with theoretically relevant constructs (e.g., fearlessness). The interaction between the three CPTI factors was a stronger predictor of concurrent conduct problems than any of the three individual CPTI factors, showing that it is important to assess all three factors of the psychopathic personality construct in early childhood. In conclusion, the CPTI seems to reliably and validly assess a constellation of traits that is similar to psychopathic personality as manifested in adolescence and adulthood.     

Establishing Norms on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory to Identify Disruptive Behaviors in Taiwanese Children

Abstract

Like other cultures, measures to accurately and sensitively assess and treat disruptive behaviors in Taiwanese children are necessary. This research provides normative and psychometric data (i.e., item-total correlations, split-half coefficients, internal consistency, and internal validity) on the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI), including clinical cut-off scores, with a Taiwanese community sample. The results suggest that the ECBI may be helpful in screening for disruptive behaviors in Taiwanese children, which may allow for appropriate prevention and intervention efforts. Although results are comparable to other research, cultural differences do exist, thereby highlighting the importance of cultural considerations in assessing child behavior, irrespective of country of treatment.     

The Association between Callous-Unemotional Traits and Behavioral and Academic Adjustment in Children: Further Validation of the Inventory of Callous-Unemotional Traits

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits have been associated with problems in behavioral adjustment in past research which has led to proposals to include them in diagnostic classification systems for child behavior problems. In the current study, the factor structure of a comprehensive measure of CU traits was tested in a sample of 540 Italian children in grades 6 and 8. Consistent with past factor analyses in other countries, CU traits could be described as having three subfactors (i.e., callousness, uncaring, unemotional) which load on an overarching general factor. Importantly, this factor structure was invariant across gender and grade. Consistent with past studies, CU traits were positively associated with school behavior problems, bullying, and reactive aggression and this was largely accounted for by the callousness and uncaring subscales. The current results advance past work in showing that these associations extend to cyberbullying and to bullying reported by both self-report and by peer nominations. Further, CU traits were also associated with lower levels of academic achievement, and this was also largely accounted for by the callousness and uncaring dimensions. Finally, although the unemotional subscale did not show consistent associations with problems in behavioral or academic adjustment, it did contribute independently to the prediction (negatively) of peer-reported prosocial behaviors.     

The Meaning and Measurement of Work Ethic: Construction and Initial Validation of a Multidimensional Inventory

This monograph presents a brief historical and conceptual review of the work ethic construct, suggests a general conceptual definition of work ethic, and reports a series of empirical studies to construct and evaluate a new multidimensional measure of work ethic. The Multidimensional Work Ethic Profile (MWEP) is a 65-item inventory that measures seven conceptually and empirically distinct facets of the work ethic construct. A series of six studies, using both student and nonstudent samples, examined the psychometric properties of the MWEP. The first study replicates previous research demonstrating the multidimensionality of the work ethic construct. The second study describes the construction and initial psychometric evaluation of the MWEP. The third study examines relations between the MWEP subscales as well as relations with measures of general cognitive ability, personality, and manifest needs. The fourth study examines the generalizability of the MWEP from a student sample to a nonstudent working sample. The fifth study provides further evidence about the generalizability of the MWEP to an organizational sample and examines the relations of the MWEP subscales to other organizationally relevant attitudinal variables (i.e., job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and job involvement). Finally, the sixth study examines the criterion-related validity of the MWEP scales in an organizational context. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.     

Development and Validation of the Children's Assertiveness Inventory

The development and validation of the Children's Assertiveness Inventory are reported. Psychometric properties of the scale are detailed for the normal samples of grade school children and one sample of socially withdrawn children. Initial analyses indicate that the scale possesses high test-retest reliability and acceptable stability over time. Further, it adequately discriminates between normal and withdrawn samples, has acceptable convergent and discriminant validity, and possesses a meaningful factor structure. The potential research and clinical utility of the scale is discussed, and important social and developmental issues affecting the expression of assertiveness in children are addressed.     

Data discrepancies in the Personal Orientation Inventory Manual

The Personal Orientation Inventory Manual appears to contain a number of errors specifically related to the calculation of the scores for the time ratio and support ratio. Some are of a relatively minor nature, but several are important because they are directly related to the standards whereby individuals are classified as self-actualized, normal, or nonself-actualized. Although part of the discrepancy seems to be due to the number of questions left unanswered by subjects, this does not account for the total difference. At present, it is unclear why the inconsistencies exist.     

“触电”时代的儿童:触屏媒体与幼儿发展

数字媒体的飞速发展使得越来越多的研究者开始关注触屏媒体对幼儿发展的影响。综述从触屏媒体的特征、触屏学习、幼儿发展、触屏媒体能否作为测量工具及其在家庭和学校中推广使用的有效性方面进行探讨。综述发现：触屏媒体具有交互性、即时反馈性、渐进性和便携性。41项涉及触屏的研究在STEM学习（d_{与基线比较}=1.06,d_{与其它方法比较}=0.30）、词汇学习（d_{与基线比较}=0.51,d_{与其它方法比较}=0.47）和学习迁移（d=0.78）上发现了触屏的促进作用。触屏媒体对幼儿执行功能与亲子关系发展有促进作用,但是对精细运动的影响尚不明确。触屏可以作为测量工具或干预方式用于其它领域,推广使用时存在挑战。未来研究应该继续关注触屏媒体特征对学习效果及不同年龄阶段儿童的影响,探讨真实触屏媒体环境中儿童的学习与发展。