内隐自尊和风险偏好对大学生职业决策的影响

为研究影响大学生职业决策的影响因素和决策有效性,实验一、二分别从决策者心理特征（内隐自尊与风险偏好）和职业方案特征（框架效应与风险水平）入手,考察二者对大学生职业决策行为的影响。结果发现：内隐自尊和风险偏好的高低显著影响大学生择业倾向性;大学生对风险水平不同的职业方案的选择倾向由低到高依次为冒险、折中、保守方案;职业决策存在明显的框架效应。研究表明,大多数大学生倾向于选择保守的职业方案;高风险偏好的大学生倾向于选择冒险的职业方案;高内隐自尊大学生倾向于主动择业;积极表述的职业方案更受大学生所青睐。     

抑郁的内隐认知与治疗

认知模型认为抑郁个体存在认知加工的偏向,但是,相对于外显认知,抑郁的内隐认知研究较少。现有研究表明：抑郁个体沉迷于特定的内隐认知偏向：抑郁个体倾向于注意环境中的负性刺激;在概念驱动内隐记忆测验中表现出偏向;更可能呈现出无望感的内隐态度。内隐认知可能是抑郁个体维持抑郁的重要因素,在治疗中,可采用知觉内隐认知、扩展功能失调思维记录、记忆日志和增进注意控制等认知技术改变抑郁患者的内隐认知偏向。     

兴趣是最好的学习动机

正"兴趣是一个人积极探究某事物或爱好某种活动的倾向。"小学生的学习动机比较简单,兴趣是最主要。所以,在信息技术教学中,教师就要有意识地培养学生的学习兴趣,在信息技术教学中突出趣味性,创设良好的学习环境,使他们愉快学习。学生在第一次接触计算机的时候,由于新奇,自然会有兴趣。但如果教学方法不恰当,兴趣会在很短的时间内消失。兴趣是学生创造力的源泉,是学生最好的教材。兴趣是最好的老师,但怎样让这个最好的老师发     

汉字特征内隐学习的初步实验研究

在汉字特征识别的范围内,在高强度练习和正确反馈条件下探讨内隐学习汉字的某些特点。实验采用了一种测量内隐和外显学习的特征分类方法．这些特征包括汉字的笔划维度（显著性特征）和汉字的偏好维度（非显著性特征）。实验结果发现：汉字偏好特征的学习,内隐组被试表现出更大的底层规则的迁移;汉字的偏好特征还表现出高潜力的内隐知识。     

自然科学概念形成过程中外显与内隐学习的比较

本研究选取真实的自然科学概念来对概念形成过程及其中的外显与内隐学习进行实验性探索．证明了自然科学概念形成过程中内隐学习的存在;阐释了概念形成过程中内隐学习的效率可与外显学习不相上下;揭示了真实的自然科学概念形成过程是由渐进期——高原期——突变期三个阶段构成的．不论外显学习还是内隐学习,接近真理的路径十分相似,并且没有显著的性别差异;此外还发现自然科学概念的内隐学习可以有效地用语言启动。本研究结果对心理学和自然科学教学均有理论价值与实践意义。     

动画教学代理对多媒体学习的影响:学习者经验与偏好的调节作用

以往研究发现,动画教学代理对多媒体学习效果的影响不一致,可能受到学习者特征和偏好的调节。本研究以“空调的组成部分及工作原理”为实验材料,采用两个实验控制教学代理有无、经验高低和代理偏好,探讨动画教学代理对多媒体学习的影响。实验1发现与无代理组相比,代理组对教学视频的注视点个数更多,平均眼跳潜伏期更短,学习兴趣也更高;低经验者在代理条件下的迁移成绩更好。实验2发现学习者在偏好代理和非偏好代理条件下的迁移成绩好于无代理组;偏好代理组感知到更低的认知负荷,对总体视频的注视点个数和注视频率更多,平均眼跳潜伏期更短,对学习内容的注视点个数更多。结论认为：在多媒体中加入教学代理不会减少学习者对学习内容的注意,能提高多媒体学习效果,支持社会代理理论假设;教学代理能提高低经验者的学习效果,但对高知识经验者无明显作用;加入学习者偏好的代理形象会促进学习,但加入学习者非偏好的代理形象并没有阻碍学习。     

大学生创造性内隐观的调查研究——关于高创造性者的特征

本研究采用社会效度的方法,对大学生的创造性内隐观进行了调查研究,结果发现：1．大学生的创造性内隐观所涉及的范围广泛,涵盖了认知、人格的许多方面;2．经因素分析把大学生的创造性内隐观可以概括为十二个因素,分别是：道德品质、才情、异常人格、独创力、探究、自主敢为性、思维发散性、知识经验、勤勉、问题发现、智力、自强,其中道德品质和勤勉为中国大学生所特有。3．不同专业和性别的大学生在上述诸因素上内隐观总体差异显著,并且二者交互作用总体显著,在各具体因素上内隐观有些也存在不一致。     

内隐社会认知的初步实验研究

使用攻击和被攻击者相互作用的实验图片,随机抽取大学本科生９０名,采用３种加工类型×２种测验方式的混合设计来考察社会认知的无意识或内隐成分。结果表明：１．加工类型对被试的再认测验和偏好测验有不同的影响,即出现了实验性分离;２．内隐态度是可以测量的,且明显影响被试的社会判断     

大学生智慧内隐认知的实验研究

以55名大学生为被试,采用内隐联想测验(IAT)和单类内隐联想测验(SC-IAT)测量被试对智慧的内隐认知.实验1中,被试对人慧者与良好道德人文素质属性词联结以及物慧者与良好智力思维素质属性词联结的反应速度更快,表明大学生存在人慧者更具备良好道德人文素质和物慧者更具备良好智力思维素质的内隐认知取向;实验2中,被试对智慧者与良好德智属性词联结比愚蠢者与良好德智属性词联结的反应速度更快,表明大学生存在智慧者更兼备良好道德人文素质与良好智力思维素质的内隐认知取向.两项实验中,被试智慧内隐认知效应的性别与专业差异显著.综合两项实验表明,智慧是良好道德人文素质与良好智力思维素质的有机结合;学习与经验影响大学生对智慧的内隐认知.     

大学生决策的内隐偏向研究

分别运用外显的描述性范式和内隐联结测验两种方法对决策的比率偏好及其特性进行了考察,结果表明:(1)外显决策受到效价类型的影响,负效价情景下的比率偏好现象明显降低;(2)被试存在内隐比率偏好效应,这种偏好影响着被试对决策的认知和解释,具有一定的稳定性;(3)运用内隐联结测验来测量内隐比率偏好是有效、敏感的。(4)外显比率偏好与内隐比率偏好涉及决策的不同结构。     

社会科学概念形成过程中外显与内隐学习的比较研究

以真实的社会科学概念为假设检验模型,研究中学生的社会科学概念形成过程及其中的外显和内隐学习。结果表明中学生社会科学概念形成是一个渐进的过程,内隐学习和外显学习的趋势和效率无显著差异。本研究未发现明显的高原期和突变期。     

Implicit learning as an ability

The ability to automatically and implicitly detect complex and noisy regularities in the environment is a fundamental aspect of human cognition. Despite considerable interest in implicit processes, few researchers have conceptualized implicit learning as an ability with meaningful individual differences. Instead, various researchers (e.g., Reber, 1993; Stanovich, 2009) have suggested that individual differences in implicit learning are minimal relative to individual differences in explicit learning. In the current study of English 16–17 year old students, we investigated the association of individual differences in implicit learning with a variety of cognitive and personality variables. Consistent with prior research and theorizing, implicit learning, as measured by a probabilistic sequence learning task, was more weakly related to psychometric intelligence than was explicit associative learning, and was unrelated to working memory. Structural equation modeling revealed that implicit learning was independently related to two components of psychometric intelligence: verbal analogical reasoning and processing speed. Implicit learning was also independently related to academic performance on two foreign language exams (French, German). Further, implicit learning was significantly associated with aspects of self-reported personality, including intuition, Openness to Experience, and impulsivity. We discuss the implications of implicit learning as an ability for dual-process theories of cognition, intelligence, personality, skill learning, complex cognition, and language acquisition.     

Implicit memory for auditorily presented threatening stimuli: a process-dissociation approach

The investigation of unconscious cognition involves especially problems with the methodology of measuring implicit and explicit proportions of different task performances. In this study the process dissociation procedure of Jacoby and its modification within the multinomial modelling framework for an indirect word-nonword-discrimination task is applied to a sample of 45 healthy students. The paradigm includes acoustically presented stimuli. During a learning phase, subjects listened to a series of neutral and threatening words. Performance was tested by letting subjects decide whether a presented stimulus (masked with white noise at signal-noise ratio of -17 dB or unmasked) had been a word or a nonword. Within this paradigm, implicit cognition occurs when (a) a word is more probably correctly recognized as "word" after presentation during the learning phase (typical priming effect) or when (b) a nonword derived from a word is more probably falsely recognized as "word" after its corresponding word had been presented during the learning phase (effect of implicit cognition given perceptual fluency). Frequencies for hits and false alarms were analyzed within the multinomial model which allows estimating parameters for the correct discrimination of words (c), the response bias (b), the classical priming effect (u1), and the parameter for the priming effect of "old" nonwords (u2). Under masked stimuli the multinomial model showed implicit cognition, an effect not equally found for neutral and threatening words. Threatening words exhibited a significantly higher portion of implicit cognition than neutral ones. Given the statistical complexity of multinomial models, the application of this method was explained in detail.     

Finding a home: Developmental and neurobiological perspectives on cultural models

This article looks at cultural models in the light of human development, and neurobiological findings in motivation, learning, and cognition. It is argued that at the individual level, the acquisition of cultural models relies on several innate, neurobiologically based motivational, learning, and cognitive systems. These are: (a) a primary motivation to form social bonds which is driven by affect; (b) highly specialized social learning circuits, involving, but not limited to, mirror neuron systems, that facilitate the encoding of social information through implicit, embodied, imitational learning processes; and (c) the formation of culturally based templates for behavior and cognition centered around structures, collectively known as the “default mode network,” which is essential to self‐understanding, autobiographical memory, social cognition, prospection, and theory‐of‐mind. Cultural models, it is argued, are acquired through innate motivational processes that tie the individual emotionally to a secure base of familiar people and customs. This instinctual desire for proximity to others facilitates the efficient, largely implicit, patterning of knowledge and expectations. Shared knowledge and expectations, in turn, create a common, mostly implicit or unconscious, experience of subjectivity within groups. This allows each individual to automatically and effortlessly interact with similarly enculturated others.     

不同负载条件对序列位置内隐学习的影响

序列反应时任务是继人工语法学习和复杂系统控制任务之后又一研究内隐学习的重要程式 ,该研究采用这种程式 ,比较了不同负载条件对序列位置内隐学习的影响。被试为华南师范大学本科生 6 0名。 3种负载条件分别为无负载、数字串记忆负载和反向反应负载。结果发现 ,数字记忆负载组被试与无负载组被试间内隐学习量差异显著 ,但对于不会破坏学习序列组织的反向负载组被试 ,其内隐学习量与无负载组差异不显著 ,却与数字记忆负载组间差异显著。这一结果说明序列反应时任务程式中的内隐学习不受加工容量的影响     

4-8年级儿童同伴关系中的内隐认知偏差

为了探究儿童同伴关系中的认知偏差情况,以四、六、八年级共153名中小学生（9-15岁）为被试,运用内隐联想测验（IAT）考察了儿童对其同伴关系双方的相对认知。结果表明：（1）儿童的同伴关系认知中存在内隐认知偏差,儿童对自己的认知要显著积极于对同伴的认知,表现出了自我提升现象。（2）儿童同伴关系中这种内隐认知偏差的表现及程度均不受年龄、性别因素影响。     

社会同步对内隐攻击性的弱化作用: 影响注意偏向的眼动证据

社会同步作为“社会粘合剂”,能够对社会性产生明显的影响。本研究旨在考察社会同步对内隐攻击性弱化作用的认知机制。研究将45名内隐攻击性水平不同的被试随机分配为三组,完成在模棱两可情境下基于SIP模型的对敌意线索和非敌意线索的第一遍注视。研究结果进一步支持了解释优先模型。同时也表明,社会同步能够在一定程度上减弱高内隐攻击性个体的攻击性倾向,而不会对低内隐攻击性水平的个体产生负面影响。     

Beyond the colour of my skin: How skin colour affects the sense of body-ownership

Multisensory stimulation has been shown to alter the sense of body-ownership. Given that perceived similarity between one's own body and those of others is crucial for social cognition, we investigated whether multisensory stimulation can lead participants to experience ownership over a hand of different skin colour. Results from two studies using introspective, behavioural and physiological methods show that, following synchronous visuotactile (VT) stimulation, participants can experience body-ownership over hands that seem to belong to a different racial group. Interestingly, a baseline measure of implicit racial bias did not predict whether participants would experience the RHI, but the overall strength of experienced body-ownership seemed to predict the participants' post-illusion implicit racial bias with those who experienced a stronger RHI showing a lower bias. These findings suggest that multisensory experiences can override strict ingroup/outgroup distinctions based on skin colour and point to a key role for sensory processing in social cognition.     

社会性发展迟滞大学生对社交信息的内隐态度

本研究目的在于探索社会性发展迟滞大学生对社交信息的内隐认知特点,三个实验分别通过GNAT、IRAP、IAT范式探讨社会性发展迟滞大学生对社交活动、社交关系的内隐态度和内隐社交自我评价的内隐加工特点。结果发现:①社会性发展迟滞组对群体活动的反应时更短;②社会性发展迟滞组对师生关系持消极的内隐态度,对同学关系持积极的内隐态度;③社会性发展迟滞组存在社交自我评价积极偏向,但对积极评价他人/消极评价自我的反应时更短,对评价的整体反应时更短。结论:迟滞个体对社交活动较敏感,对师生关系持消极态度和对同学关系持积极态度,对社交自我评价存在积极偏向。