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1.
Two dual-task experiments (replications of Experiments 1 and 2 in Fedorenko, Gibson, & Rohde, Journal of Memory and Language, 56, 246–269 2007) were conducted to determine whether syntactic and arithmetical operations share working memory resources. Subjects read
object- or subject-extracted relative clause sentences phrase by phrase in a self-paced task while simultaneously adding or
subtracting numbers. Experiment 2 measured eye fixations as well as self-paced reaction times. In both experiments, there
were main effects of syntax and of mathematical operation on self-paced reading times, but no interaction of the two. In the
Experiment 2 eye-tracking results, there were main effects of syntax on first-pass reading time and total reading time and
an interaction between syntax and math in total reading time on the noun phrase within the relative clause. The findings point
to differences in the ways individuals process sentences under these dual-task conditions, as compared with viewing sentences
during “normal” reading conditions, and do not support the view that arithmetical and syntactic integration operations share
a working memory system. 相似文献
2.
Baudiffier V Caplan D Gaonac'h D Chesnet D 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(10):1896-1905
Two experiments, one using self-paced reading and one using eye tracking, investigated the influence of noun animacy on the processing of subject relative (SR) clauses, object relative (OR) clauses, and object relative clauses with stylistic inversion (OR-SI) in French. Each sentence type was presented in two versions: either with an animate relative clause (RC) subject and an inanimate object (AS/IO), or with an inanimate RC subject and an animate object (IS/AO). There was an interaction between the RC structure and noun animacy. The advantage of SR sentences over OR and OR-SI sentences disappeared in AS/IO sentences. The interaction between animacy and structure occurred in self-paced reading times and in total fixation times on the RCs, but not in first-pass reading times. The results are consistent with a late interaction between animacy and structural processing during parsing and provide data relevant to several models of parsing. 相似文献
3.
Murphy K 《Cognitive processing》2011,12(2):197-201
Semantic priming refers to the finding that a word response is facilitated if it is preceded by a related word compared to
when it is preceded by an unrelated word. Dallas and Merikle (Can J Psychol 30: 15–21 1976a; Bull Psychon Soc 8: 441–444 1976b) demonstrated that semantic priming occurred under conditions in which a pair of simultaneously displayed words was previewed
for over a second prior to the onset of a cue indicating which of the words should be pronounced aloud (postcue task). In
contrast, semantic interference effects have been reported for postcue picture-naming tasks (Dean et al. in J Exp Psychol
Learn Mem Cogn 27: 733–743, 2001; Humphreys et al. in J Exp Psychol Learn Mem Cogn 21: 961–980, 1995). According to Dean et al., the semantic interference effects in postcue picture naming occur because the integration of
the object and the cued attribute in memory is more difficult for categorically related pictures than for unrelated pictures.
The aim of this experiment was to determine whether this idea was true for postcue word pronunciation tasks. Participants
completed two postcue tasks, one requiring pronunciation of the target word indicated by a locational cue and another requiring
pronunciation of the location of a centrally presented word. Results indicated a semantic priming effect only for the locational
cue condition suggesting that the integration of the cue and identity information was unaffected by word context. These data
suggest that priming in a postcue word pronunciation task may be due to feedback from residual activation within the semantic
system facilitating access to the target word’s phonology. 相似文献
4.
In the logic of theory change, the standard model is AGM, proposed by Alchourrón et al. (J Symb Log 50:510–530, 1985). This paper focuses on the extension of AGM that accounts for contractions of a theory by a set of sentences instead of
only by a single sentence. Hansson (Theoria 55:114–132, 1989), Fuhrmann and Hansson (J Logic Lang Inf 3:39–74, 1994) generalized Partial Meet Contraction to the case of contractions by (possibly non-singleton) sets of sentences. In this
paper we present the possible worlds semantics for partial meet multiple contractions. 相似文献
5.
Florian Klonek Sascha Tamm Markus J. Hofmann Arthur M. Jacobs 《Psychological research》2009,73(6):871-882
The conflict monitoring theory (CMT) assumes that word-stems associated with several completions should lead to crosstalk
and conflict due to underdetermined responding situation (Botvinick et al. in Psychol Rev 108(3):624–652, 2001). In contrast, the Multiple-Read-Out-Model (MROM) of Jacobs and Grainger (J Exp Psychol 20(6): 1311–1334, 1994) predicts a high level of general lexical activity (GLA) for word-stems with many completions, indicating a higher stimulus
familiarity because these stems are more probable to be read. We compared word-stems with several completions against word-stems
with one possible completion while measuring response times and electrophysiological recordings. Slowest response times and
a distinct FN400 component, which has previously been related to the concept of familiarity (Curran in Memory Cogn 28(6):923–938,
2000), were apparent for word-stems that could only be associated with a single response. These findings support the claims of
the MROM. Furthermore, the lack of the N2-component for word-stems with several completions continues to challenge the EEG-extension
of the CMT (Yeung et al. in Psychol Rev 111(4):2004). 相似文献
6.
Briand (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 24:1243–1256, 1998) and Briand and Klein (J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform 13:228–241, 1987) demonstrated that spatial cueing effects are larger for detecting conjunction of features than for detecting simple features
when spatial attention is oriented exogenously, and not when attention is oriented endogenously. Their results were interpreted
as if only exogenous attention affects the posterior spatial attention system that performs the feature binding function attributed
to spatial attention by Treisman’s feature integration theory (FIT; 1980). In a series of 6 experiments, we attempted to replicate
Briand’s findings. Manipulations of distractor string size and symmetry of stimulus presentation left and right from fixation
were implemented in Posner’s cueing paradigm. The data indicate that both exogenous and endogenous cueing address the same
attentional mechanism needed for feature binding. The results also limit the generalisability of Briand’s proposal concerning
the role of exogenous attention in feature integration. Furthermore, the importance to control the effect of unintended attentional
capture in a cueing task is demonstrated. 相似文献
7.
Two sentence processing experiments on a dative NP ambiguity in Korean demonstrate effects of phrase length on overt and implicit
prosody. Both experiments controlled non-prosodic length factors by using long versus short proper names that occurred before
the syntactically critical material. Experiment 1 found that long phrases induce different prosodic phrasing than short phrases
in a read-aloud task and change the preferred interpretation of globally ambiguous sentences. It also showed that speakers
who have been told of the ambiguity can provide significantly different prosody for the two interpretations, for both lengths.
Experiment 2 verified that prosodic patterns found in first-pass pronunciations predict self-paced reading patterns for silent
reading. The results extend the coverage of the Implicit Prosody Hypothesis [Fodor, J Psycholinguist Res 27:285–319, 1998;
Prosodic disambiguation in silent reading. In M. Hirotani (Ed.), NELS 32 (pp. 113–132). Amherst, MA: GLSA Publications, 2002] to another construction and to Korean. They further indicate that strong
syntactic biases can have rapid effects on the formulation of implicit prosody. 相似文献
8.
With the past behind and the future ahead: Back-to-front representation of past and future sentences
Ulrich R Eikmeier V de la Vega I Ruiz Fernández S Alex-Ruf S Maienborn C 《Memory & cognition》2012,40(3):483-495
Several studies support the psychological reality of a mental timeline that runs from the left to the right and may strongly
affect our thinking about time. Ulrich and Maienborn (Cognition 117:126–138, 2010) examined the linguistic relevance of this timeline during the processing of past- and future-related sentences. Their results
indicate that the timeline is not activated automatically during sentence comprehension. While no explicit reference of temporal
expressions to the left–right axis has been attested (e.g., *the meeting was moved to the left), natural languages refer to the back–front axis in order to encode temporal information (e.g., the meeting was moved forward). Therefore, the present study examines whether a back–frontal timeline becomes automatically activated during the processing
of past- and future-related sentences. The results demonstrate a clear effect on reaction time that emerges from a time–space
association along the frontal timeline (Experiment 1). However, this activation seems to be nonautomatic (Experiment 2), rendering
it unlikely that this frontal timeline is involved in comprehension of the temporal content of sentences. 相似文献
9.
Slioussar N 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2011,40(4):291-306
In languages with flexible constituent order (so-called free word order languages), available orders are used to encode given/new distinctions; they therefore differ not only syntactically, but also in their
context requirements. In Experiment 1, using a self-paced reading task, we compared Russian S V IO DO (canonical), DO S V
IO and DO IO V S constructions in appropriate vs. inappropriate contexts (those that violated their context requirements).
The context factor was significant, while the syntax factor was not. The less pronounced context effect evidenced in previous
studies (e.g., Kaiser and Trueswell in Cognitioin 94:113–147, 2004) might be due to the use of shorter target sentences and less extensive contexts. We also demonstrated that the slow-down
starts at the first contextually inappropriate constituent, which shows that the information about context requirements is
taken into account immediately, but that it develops faster on preverbal subjects and postverbal indirect objects (occupying
their canonical positions) than on preverbal indirect objects (occupying a noncanonical position, or scrambled). In Experiment 2, these findings were replicated for IO S V DO and IO DO V S orders. S V IO DO orders with a continuation
were used to show that there is no additional effect of inappropriate context at the end of the sentence. 相似文献
10.
Problem solving often relies on generating new responses while inhibiting others, particularly prepotent ones. A paradigm
to study inhibitory abilities is the reverse contingency task (Boysen and Berntson in J Exp Psychol Anim Behav Process 21:82–86,
1995), in which two different quantities of food are offered to an individual who receives the array he did not choose. Therefore,
mastery of the task demands selecting the smaller quantity to obtain the larger one. Several non-human primates have been
tested in the reverse contingency task. To date, only great apes and rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) have succeeded in the original task, with no need of procedural modifications as the large-or-none contingency, correction
trials or symbolic stimuli substituting for actual food quantities. Here, four mangabeys were presented with two stimulus
arrays of one and four raisins in the context of the reverse contingency task. Three of them learned to perform the task well
above chance without a modified procedure. They also reached above-chance performance when presented with two stimulus arrays
of zero and four raisins, despite the initial difficulty of choosing a null quantity. After a period of 7–10 months, in which
the animals were not tested on any task, all three subjects continued to perform well, even when presented with novel quantity
pairs. 相似文献
11.
The goal of the present study was to investigate the costs and benefits of different degrees of strategic parallel processing
between two tasks. In a series of experiments with the dual-task flanker paradigm, participants were either instructed to
process the tasks serially or in parallel, or—in a control condition—they received no specific instruction. Results showed
that the participants were able to adjust the degree of parallel processing as instructed in a flexible manner. Parallel processing
of the two tasks repeatedly led to large costs in performance and to high crosstalk effects compared to more serial processing.
In spite of the costs, a moderate degree of parallel processing was preferred in the condition with no specific instruction.
This pattern of results was observed if the same task set was used for the two tasks, but also if different ones were applied.
Furthermore, a modified version of the central capacity sharing (CCS) model (Tombu and Jolicoeur in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept
Perform 29:3–18, 2003) was proposed that accounts also for crosstalk effects in dual tasks. The modified CCS model was then evaluated by fitting
it successfully to the present data.
相似文献
Carola LehleEmail: |
12.
Unitization, the creation of new stimulus features by the fusion of preexisting features, is one of the hypothesized processes
of perceptual learning (Goldstone Annual Review of Psychology, 49:585–612, 1998). Some argue that unitization occurs to the extent that it is required for successful task performance (e.g., Shiffrin &
Lightfoot, 1997), while others argue that unitization is largely independent of functionality (e.g., McLaren & Mackintosh Animal Learning
& Behavior, 30:177–200, 2000). Across three experiments, employing supervised category learning and unsupervised exposure, we investigated three predictions
of the McLaren and Mackintosh (Animal Learning & Behavior, 30:177–200, 2000) model: (1) Unitization is accompanied by an initial increase in the subjective similarity of stimuli sharing a unitized
component; (2) unitization of a configuration occurs through exposure to its components, even when the task does not require
it; (3) as unitization approaches completion, salience of the unitized component may be reduced. Our data supported these
predictions. We also found that unitization is associated with increases in overt attention to the unitized component, as
measured through eye tracking. 相似文献
13.
Easterners tend to process information more holistically than Westerners. Kim and Markman (J Exp Soc Psychol 42(3):350–364,
2006) suggest that these differences are rooted in higher chronic levels of Fear of Isolation (FOI) for those cultures that process
information more holistically. The goal of this study was to determine if these differences and their suggested cause could
be found with two different Western cultures. Testing Italian (IT) and US American (US) adults, we found that IT participants
processed information more holistically and had a higher chronic level of FOI than US participants; furthermore, the manipulation
of FOI affected context sensitivity more for IT than for US participants. The results demonstrate that IT participants were
more similar to previous research with Eastern populations than with Western populations (Kim and Markman in J Exp Soc Psychol
42(3):350–364, 2006) and indicate a within-Western culture difference for reasoning styles and support the hypothesis that this difference is
due to different chronic levels of FOI. 相似文献
14.
Research in the context of the mood-behavior-model (Gendolla in Rev Gen Psychol 4:348–408, 2000) has shown that moods can have an impact on effort mobilization due to congruency effects on demand appraisals. However,
the mood research literature suggests that mood may also influence effort mobilization by its impact on appraisals of the
instrumentality of success. In a single factor (mood valence: negative vs. neutral vs. positive) between-persons design, participants
performed a memory task under conditions of unclear task difficulty. By successfully performing the task, participants could
earn the chance to win a monetary reward. As predicted for tasks with unclear difficulty, effort mobilization—assessed as
cardiovascular reactivity—increased from negative to positive mood. This effect was mediated by the subjective probability
of winning the monetary reward for successful performance. These results demonstrate for the first time that mood can influence
effort mobilization via the estimated instrumentality of success. 相似文献
15.
Susan A. J. Stuart 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2010,9(1):37-51
A great deal of effort has been, and continues to be, devoted to developing consciousness artificially (A small selection
of the many authors writing in this area includes: Cotterill (J Conscious Stud 2:290–311, 1995, 1998), Haikonen (2003), Aleksander and Dunmall (J Conscious Stud 10:7–18, 2003), Sloman (2004, 2005), Aleksander (2005), Holland and Knight (2006), and Chella and Manzotti (2007)), and yet a similar amount of effort has gone in to demonstrating the infeasibility of the whole enterprise (Most notably:
Dreyfus (1972/1979, 1992, 1998), Searle (1980), Harnad (J Conscious Stud 10:67–75, 2003), and Sternberg (2007), but there are a great many others). My concern in this paper is to steer some navigable channel between the two positions,
laying out the necessary pre-conditions for consciousness in an artificial system, and concentrating on what needs to hold
for the system to perform as a human being or other phenomenally conscious agent in an intersubjectively-demanding social
and moral environment. By adopting a thick notion of embodiment—one that is bound up with the concepts of the lived body and
autopoiesis (Maturana and Varela 1980; Varela et al. 2003; and Ziemke 2003, 2007a, J Conscious Stud 14(7):167–179, 2007b)—I will argue that machine phenomenology is only possible within an embodied distributed system that possesses a richly affective
musculature and a nervous system such that it can, through action and repetition, develop its tactile-kinaesthetic memory,
individual kinaesthetic melodies pertaining to habitual practices, and an anticipatory enactive kinaesthetic imagination.
Without these capacities the system would remain unconscious, unaware of itself embodied within a world. Finally, and following
on from Damasio’s (1991, 1994, 1999, 2003) claims for the necessity of pre-reflective conscious, emotional, bodily responses for the development of an organism’s core
and extended consciousness, I will argue that without these capacities any agent would be incapable of developing the sorts
of somatic markers or saliency tags that enable affective reactions, and which are indispensable for effective decision-making
and subsequent survival. My position, as presented here, remains agnostic about whether or not the creation of artificial
consciousness is an attainable goal. 相似文献
16.
Traxler MJ 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(1):149-155
Two eye-tracking experiments investigated what happens when people read pairs of sentences that have the same syntactic structure.
Previous experiments have shown priming in online sentence processing only when critical lexical material overlaps between
the prime and the target sentence. In the current study, participants were asked to read sentences containing modifier—goal ambiguities. Half of the target sentences were preceded by sentences with the same structure, and half were preceded by sentences
with a different structure. In Experiment 1, the prime—target pairs had the same main verb. In Experiment 2, the prime—target
pairs had different main verbs. Facilitated target sentence processing was observed in both Experiments 1 and 2 when the target
sentences were preceded by a prime sentence with the same syntactic structure. These results provide the first evidence of
lexically independent, between-sentence structural priming in online sentence comprehension. 相似文献
17.
Matthew C. Haug 《Philosophical Studies》2010,150(3):313-330
Several philosophers (e.g., Ehring (Nous (Detroit, Mich.) 30:461–480, 1996); Funkhouser (Nous (Detroit, Mich.) 40:548–569, 2006); Walter (Canadian Journal of Philosophy 37:217–244, 2007) have argued that there are metaphysical differences between the determinable-determinate relation and the realization relation
between mental and physical properties. Others have challenged this claim (e.g., Wilson (Philosophical Studies, 2009). In this paper, I argue that there are indeed such differences and propose a “mechanistic” account of realization that elucidates
why these differences hold. This account of realization incorporates two distinct roles that mechanisms play in the realization
of mental (and other special science) properties which are implicit, but undeveloped, in the literature—what I call “constitutive”
and “integrative” mechanisms. I then use these two notions of mechanism to clarify some debates about the relations between
realization, multiple realizability, and irreducibility. 相似文献
18.
Wühr P 《Psychological research》2011,75(5):393-405
The paper investigates the role of working memory for the translation of spatial stimuli into spatial responses. Performance
is typically superior with compatible mapping between stimulus and response locations than with incompatible mapping (spatial-mapping
effect). According to popular dual-route models, the spatial-mapping effect may arise from differences in the effectiveness
of S–R translation, and/or from the effects of automatic response activation. Working-memory load should not affect the automatic
route, but delay S–R translation in the incompatible condition, increasing the mapping effect under load. These predictions
were tested in two dual-task experiments. Participants performed a spatial-compatibility task with compatible or incompatible
S–R mapping, while memorizing different amounts of spatial (Experiment 1) or verbal (Experiment 2) information. In both experiments,
working-memory load decreased the mapping effect, but did not eliminate it. Results are at odds with the dual-route account.
An alternative explanation based on the response-discrimination account (Ansorge and Wühr in J Exp Psychol Hum Percept Perform
30:365–377, 2004) is proposed. 相似文献
19.
Previous studies claimed that task representation is carried out by the activated long-term memory portion of working memory
(WM; Meiran and Kessler in J Exp Psychol Human Percept Perform 34:137–157, 2008). The present study provides a more direct support for this hypothesis. We used the reaction-time task-rule congruency effect
(RT-TRCE) in a task-switching setup, and tested the effects of loading WM with irrelevant task rules on RT-TRCE. Experiment
1 manipulated WM load in a between-subject design. WM participants performed a color/shape task switching, while having 0,
1 or 3 numerical task rules as WM load. Experiment 2 used a similar load manipulation (1 or 3 rules to load WM) in a within-subject
design. Experiment 3 extended these results by loading WM with perceptual tasks that were more similar to the shape/color
tasks. The results show that RT-TRCE was not affected by WM load supporting the activated long-term memory hypothesis. 相似文献
20.
Gloria S. Waters David Caplan 《The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology Section A: Human Experimental Psychology》2004,57(1):129-163
Two experiments investigated the relationship between performance on standard tests of verbal working-memory and the on-line construction of syntactic form. In Experiment 1, working-memory was measured in 100 college students on a version of the Daneman and Carpenter (1980) reading-span task, and online syntactic processing was assessed using a self-paced listening task with four sentence types. In Experiment 2, working-memory was measured in 48 college students on two versions of the reading-span task and two other tests of verbal working-memory, and on-line syntactic processing was assessed using the self-paced listening task with an additional sentence type. In both experiments, there was no relationship between working-memory capacity and the increase in processing time seen for the on-line construction of syntactic form for either syntactically more complex or syntactically simpler sentences. The results indicate that the capacity of the working-memory system that is measured by standard working-memory tests does not determine the efficiency of on-line syntactic processing. They are consistent with the view that the working-memory system used for parsing is at least partially separate from that measured by traditional measures of working-memory capacity. 相似文献