就业与家庭照顾间的平衡:基于性别与职业位置的比较

本文使用第三期妇女地位调查资料,对城镇家庭女性的工作和家庭平衡问题进行研究.女性的双重压力依然存在,家务劳动依然占据女性更多的时间;但在职业方面女性的时间付出几乎与男性相同.女性高层人才兼顾事业和家庭,是工作和家务时间付出最多的人.当代城镇夫妻共在职场,男性更可能因工作忙而顾不上家庭.对0-3岁孩子的抚育上,家庭支持网络应对单位制的解体,夫妻双系的父母帮助成为最主要的力量;部分高层人才依靠市场力量,雇佣家政工来帮助抚育,但受到经济条件的制约在一般从业者中这一比例并不高.     

江苏居民健康不平等及其分解:基于CHNS数据的分析

基于中国健康与营养调查中江苏地区的调查数据,采用集中指数及其分解技术,分析江苏居民健康不平等情况及相关影响因素对居民健康不平等的贡献度。结果发现,在存在居民健康不平等的情况下,居住在城市、家庭规模、医疗保险等变量能够缓解健康不平等趋势,而教育、年龄等变量对健康不平等趋势具有推动作用。     

大连市职业人群亚健康现状及影响因素分析

为了解大连市职业人群的亚健康现状及其影响因素,针对亚健康进行有效干预提供科学依据,采用问卷法对大连市城镇职业人群进行包括受访者个人基本情况、亚健康评定量表、工作生活情况3个维度的基于亚健康状况测评问卷(SHSQ-25)的调查,将所得数据利用EpiData 3.1及SPSS 22.0进行统计学分析。结果显示,大连市职业人群亚健康检出率相对较低,亚健康总检出率为16.8%。性别、学历、自评健康状态、工作及生活环境是影响大连市职业人群亚健康状况的主要因素。因此,应从个体、家庭、社会多方面对职业人群亚健康状态进行干预。     

江苏居民健康不平等及其分解:基于CHNS数据的分析

基于中国健康与营养调查中江苏地区的调查数据,采用集中指数及其分解技术,分析江苏居民健康不平等情况及相关影响因素对居民健康不平等的贡献度.结果发现,在存在居民健康不平等的情况下,居住在城市、家庭规模、医疗保险等变量能够缓解健康不平等趋势,而教育、年龄等变量对健康不平等趋势具有推动作用.     

家庭事务分配与女性性别意识研究

本文利用2000年第二期中国妇女地位调查数据,根据数据所展示的家务劳动时间的影响因素和家务分工满意度的对比,导入对一个问题的关注:为什么在家庭内部事务存在明显的性别差异的情况下,男女两性对家庭地位的满意度却相差无几,女性为何甘于处在这样一种地位?本文尝试对这一现象进行解释。     

当代中国女性道德状况调查

当代中国女性道德状况调查包括女性家庭美德、职业道德、女社会公德和女性道德的总体状况的调查。调查显示我国女性道德状况总体较好,女性的家庭美德、职业道德受到较高的评价,人们对传统女德的认同度很高,但女性性道德和社会公德方面存在一些问题,为此提出相应的建议和对策。     

5-HTTLPR、性别、家庭社会经济地位与面孔表情识别的关系

该研究采用531名中国汉族健康大学生为被试,综合考察了5-HTTLPR(5-羟色胺转运体基因连锁多态区)基因型、性别和家庭社会经济地位之间交互作用与面孔表情识别的关系。研究结果发现,性别和家庭社会经济地位在面孔表情识别上有显著的主效应。总体来说,家庭社会经济地位较高和女性的被试具有较好的面孔表情识别能力。5-HTTLPR基因型、性别、家庭社会经济地位,它们在面孔表情识别上的三因素交互作用也显著。该三因素交互作用主要是源于,在高家庭社会经济地位背景下,女性携带有5-HTTLPR长片段等位基因比短片段纯合子表现出稍差的面孔表情识别能力。该结果体现了基因与环境多因素交互作用对面孔表情识别能力的重要性。     

农村老年慢病家庭经济风险及影响因素分析

基于江苏省农村地区健康管理团队实施与老年慢病家庭疾病经济负担的相关调查数据,采用普通最小二乘法和Logistic回归方法,测算江苏省农村地区老年慢病家庭灾难性卫生支出的发生率和发生强度,估计影响家庭直接经济负担、经济风险的相关因素。结果显示,江苏省农村地区老年慢病家庭疾病经济风险较高。相关经济社会因素和慢病患者的就医行为会显著影响家庭现金卫生支出以及灾难性卫生支出的发生率和发生强度。政府应当对农村老年慢病人群提供系统性的经济风险保护,降低疾病的经济负担和风险。     

失却锋芒：父母性别偏见对女性职场表现的负面影响

父母性别偏见对女孩影响的研究多聚焦于幼儿与青少年时期家庭领域,忽视了其对女性成年后工作领域的深远影响。基于自我概念理论,探讨了父母性别偏见对女性职场表现的负面影响机制。基于225份多时点、多来源的数据分析结果显示:(1)父母性别偏见通过降低女性自尊加剧其职业妥协;(2)职业妥协负向影响女性工作绩效和创造力;(3)父母性别偏见依次通过自尊、职业妥协削弱女性工作绩效和创造力。研究结论从原生家庭界面拓展女性职场表现研究视角,为识别影响女性职业选择和职场表现根源因素、促进职场性别平等和女性职业发展提供新思路。     

寄养家庭属性对寄养儿童生活满意度的影响研究

本研究在对家庭寄养儿童进行调查的基础上,编制了家庭属性因素与寄养儿童生活满意度测评量表,并对寄养儿童进行了抽样调查,得出以下结论：1．家庭寄养儿童的生活满意度水平较高;2．影响寄养儿童生活满意度的家庭特质因素有寄养家庭结构和寄养父母的和谐程度;3．对寄养儿童生活满意度影响较大的寄养家庭社会因素是情感满足、行为支持、家庭主导情绪、需要满足。     

“My big sister the town supervisor”: Family leadership training is not just for boys

This study investigates gender similarity in the effects of birth order upon political leadership. Town supervisors were the leaders studied as there are a considerable number of women who attain this level of leadership. Questionnaires about birth order and family size were gained from 66 women who were town supervisors in New York State in 1992, and compared to a randomly selected sample of 57 male town supervisors. It was found that women as well as men town supervisors were more likely to have been first born in their families. However, whereas gender does not apparently influence the relevance of birth order for leadership, it clearly does exert an influence on the level of political leadership attained. Women town supervisors gained their positions in towns that were considerably smaller than the towns led by the male supervisors. Discussion concerned the nature of family experiences that contribute to leadership training, including those that may be different for girls and boys. Further research is needed to clarify barriers to female assertion of political leadership at more senior levels, because as this study shows, female leadership is being trained in families.     

A two-year follow-up investigation of parenting and peer influences on tobacco use onset among Italian early adolescents

The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of peer and family influences on tobacco use onset among Italian early adolescents at two-year follow-up. Participants were 161 adolescents aged 11 to 12 (M = 11.14, SD = 0.39; 49% female) living in the northwest of Italy. Multiple logistic regressions were used. Results indicated that increases in positive family climate were negatively associated with lifetime smoking among non-smokers at two-year follow-up. Additionally, parental knowledge of child daily activities decreased lifetime smoking at two-year follow-up. Moderation analyses revealed that parental knowledge reduced the effect of peers' influence on youth smoking onset at two-year follow-up. This study underlined the influence of parenting practices in preventing early smoking initiation in Italy.     

Early family context and development of adolescent ruminative style: moderation by temperament

We know very little about the development of rumination, the tendency to passively brood about negative feelings. Because rumination is a risk factor for many forms of psychopathology, especially depression, such knowledge could prove important for preventing negative mental health outcomes in youth. This study examined developmental origins of rumination in a longitudinal sample (N=337; 51% girls) studied in preschool (ages 3? and 4? years) and early adolescence (ages 13 and 15 years). Results indicated that family context and child temperament, assessed during the preschool period, were risk factors for a ruminative style in adolescence. Specifically, early family contexts characterised by over-controlling parenting and a family style of negative-submissive expressivity predicted higher levels of later rumination. These associations were moderated by children's temperamental characteristics of negative affect and effortful control. Further, the interaction of these temperament factors exerted an additional influence on later rumination. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.     

Beyond the Frying Pan: Addressing Work Issues with Women in Therapy

In recent years, mental health practitioners have been exploring how women are balancing work and family. Given how this issue affects womens experiences in the corporate world and at home, marriage and family therapists are attempting to consider this concern as they treat female clients individually and within relational systems. Few articles and studies have examined the issues female employees face in the workplace and how the issues influence the therapeutic process. In this article, the authors examine the organizational, sociological, and cultural challenges women deal with at work and apply these areas to the therapeutic context. The authors present a case study of a female client enduring a difficult work situation, discussing how to view and approach this case from a feminist family therapy perspective.     

Women’s breast-feeding meanings in the context of mother-to-child transmission of HIV

This study explored infant feeding practice meanings of HIV-positive mothers. Informants were eight black South African mothers (age range 18–29 years) enrolled in a mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) prevention programme. In-depth interviews on factors that influence exclusive breast-feeding were conducted with the mothers. Thematic analysis of the data yielded meanings around practices of knowledge contestation with health care providers and family, work demands, and personal preferences. Moreover, successful breast-feeding by mothers with HIV status may depend on addressing contradictory messages by health workers on infant feeding and community and family pressure to mix-feed the infant children.     

Early family context and development of adolescent ruminative style: Moderation by temperament

We know very little about the development of rumination, the tendency to passively brood about negative feelings. Because rumination is a risk factor for many forms of psychopathology, especially depression, such knowledge could prove important for preventing negative mental health outcomes in youth. This study examined developmental origins of rumination in a longitudinal sample (N=337; 51% girls) studied in preschool (ages 3½ and 4½ years) and early adolescence (ages 13 and 15 years). Results indicated that family context and child temperament, assessed during the preschool period, were risk factors for a ruminative style in adolescence. Specifically, early family contexts characterised by over-controlling parenting and a family style of negative-submissive expressivity predicted higher levels of later rumination. These associations were moderated by children's temperamental characteristics of negative affect and effortful control. Further, the interaction of these temperament factors exerted an additional influence on later rumination. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.     

Explanatory style differences in health literacy: a survey among young adults in Taiwan

Explanatory styles are related to individuals’ positive health management. Everyone interprets and thinks about issues differently; therefore, medical information is understood in different ways. This study explored the relationship of optimistic and positive views on health literacy. A survey method was used to collect information from 342 university students. This study used PLS2.0 and SPSS 18.0 for data analysis. The results indicated that optimists had more accurate self-reported health status and medication-taking and nutritional knowledge than pessimists did. Females had higher scores on health knowledge and medication-taking and nutritional knowledge than males. In addition, female optimists had better performance on self-reported health status and health and medication-taking knowledge than female pessimists did. The major contribution of this study is the confirmation of the effect of explanatory style on health literacy.     

Correlation of the Response Potentials of the Skin with “Exciting” and Non-“Exciting” Stimuli

The relationship between psychological test performance and adult judgments of children's intelligence was explored in Guatemala and the U. S. A. In Guatemala, 15 male and 15 female children, age eight, were studied in each of two rural villages. In one village, 48 adult community members ranked the children on intelligence; in the other, 29 adults did the rankings. Male and female children were ranked separately. In the U. S., nine male children in a small New Jersey town were ranked by 25 adults. In a second U. S. community. a small California town, eight male children were ranked by 14 adults. In general, adult judgments were found to be congruent with children's test performance. In Guatemala, a simple family socioeconomic index was also related to both adult judgment and children's test performance. The implications of the results and the utility of these types of judgment techniques in cross-cultural research are discussed.     

Markers of Successful Aging Among Vietnamese Refugee Women

This article describes several markers of successful aging for Vietnamese women. These studies suggest that feelings of control have important implications for life satisfaction and mental health of female Vietnamese refugees. Adequate satisfaction with social relationships is a key contributor to successful aging and mental health of elderly Vietnamese refugees who are female. The article concludes by discussing ways in which mental health and health care professionals can assist female elderly refugees cope with family crisis, adaptation, and acculturation issues because they are at the highest risk now and into the future. Key issues were: cultural values surrounding age and gender norms, differential rates of acculturation across generations in the family, cross-cultural differences in mental health and their therapeutic implications.     

Exploring Gender Bias Against Women: Ethics for Marriage and Family Therapy

During the past 15 years, the negative implications of the female gender role, as demonstrated by marital dissatisfaction and mental health problems, have been documented extensively in the social science, psychology, and feminist literatures. In this article, developmental and psychological assumptions about women that are fundamental to current marriage and family therapy practice are explored. The authors call attention to the absence of substantive knowledge about women's development and to the ethical risks associated with reliance on traditional gender role notions in work with female clients. Ethical guidelines for reducing bias in therapy, especially with couples and families, are offered to counselors and therapists for evaluation and refinement of professional gender role sensitivity.