The effects of positive and negative pre-sleep stimuli on dream experiences

In this study, the emotional and physical content of dreams was examined with post-sleep reports. In the first phase of the study, 45 students were asked to keep a dream diary for a week. The next week, the students were asked to look at a picture with positive, neutral, or negative affect in the evening before going to bed and then to record their dreams the following morning. Results showed that the pictures produced corresponding affect in morning dream reports, though physical elements of dreams and pictorial stimuli were not related to affect.     

Associative relationships between pre-sleep sentence stimuli and reports of mental sleep experience

The aim of this experiment was to study some linguistic relationships between pre-sleep verbal stimuli and contents of reports of mental experience during sleep. In 4 weekly sessions 16 subjects listened before sleep to a sentence stimulus, which was either semantically acceptable (SEM+) or not (SEM-), and were told to retain it for a recall test after awakening; they were awakened once each night during NREM or REM sleep and asked to report their mental experience during sleep. The relationships between the stimulus and the contents of the reports were classified using Clark's (1970) associative rules. Both pre-sleep sentence stimuli were frequently incorporated into contents of NREM and REM reports, without significant differences between the two types of sleep. The SEM+ sentence led prevalently to incorporations through paradigmatic associative relationships, while the SEM- sentence led to incorporations through both paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships. It appears that all the features of the lexical constituents of the stimulus may be involved in the processing leading to incorporation.     

The impact of pre-sleep arousal state and strategy to control unwanted thoughts on sleep quality

Objective: It has been questioned whether elevated pre-sleep cognitive arousal contributes to poor sleep or whether it is the use of maladaptive thought control strategies, used to manage this cognitive arousal, that are responsible. The study aimed to examine how these factors – cognitive arousal (with and without anxiety) and maladaptive thought control strategies contribute to perceived sleep quality (SQ). Design: 129 “healthy adults” (46 males, 83 females) were exposed to picture-stimuli eliciting either anxious cognitive arousal or non-anxious cognitive arousal at bedtime. The groups were then randomly split and briefed to use either a cognitive distraction or cognitive suppression thought control strategy or no instructions were given (controls). Subjective SQ was measured immediately on waking. Results: Induced anxious cognitive arousal was associated with lower SQ compared to non-anxious cognitive arousal. Analyses revealed a significant interaction between arousal and the strategies used to control unwanted thoughts on SQ. When experiencing anxious cognitive arousal, the strategy of distraction was associated with poorer sleep outcomes. Conclusion: The findings suggest that the efficacy of differing thought control strategies vary depending upon whether cognitive arousal elicits anxiety or not. With that in mind, clinical implications in terms of augmenting the treatment of insomnia are discussed.     

Sleep-dependent consolidation of procedural motor memories in children and adults: the pre-sleep level of performance matters

In striking contrast to adults, in children sleep following training a motor task did not induce the expected (offline) gain in motor skill performance in previous studies. Children normally perform at distinctly lower levels than adults. Moreover, evidence in adults suggests that sleep dependent offline gains in skill essentially depend on the pre-sleep level of performance. Against this background, we asked whether improving children's performance on a motor sequence learning task by extended training to levels approaching those of adults would enable sleep-associated gains in motor skill in this age group also. Children (4-6 years) and adults (18-35 years) performed on the motor sequence learning task (button-box task) before and after ~2-hour retention intervals including either sleep (midday nap) or wakefulness. Whereas one group of children and adults, respectively, received the standard amount of 10 blocks of training before retention intervals of sleep or wakefulness, a further group of children received an extended training on 30 blocks (distributed across 3 days). A further group of adults received a restricted training on only two blocks before the retention intervals. Children after standard training reached lowest performance levels, whereas in adults performance after standard training was highest. Children with extended training and adults after reduced training reached intermediate performance levels. Only at these intermediate performance levels did sleep induce significant gains in motor sequence skill, whereas performance did not benefit from sleep in the low-performing children or in the high-performing adults. Spindle counts in the post-training nap were correlated with performance gains at retrieval only in the adults benefitting from sleep. We conclude that, across age groups, sleep induces the most robust gain in motor skill at an intermediate pre-sleep performance level. In low-performing children sleep-dependent improvements in skill may be revealed only after enhancing the pre-sleep performance level by extended training.     

The management of unwanted pre-sleep thoughts in insomnia: distraction with imagery versus general distraction

Insomniacs commonly complain that they are unable to get to sleep at night due to unwanted thoughts, worries and concerns. The present study investigated whether brief training in identifying and elaborating an interesting and engaging imagery task for use during the pre-sleep period can reduce unwanted pre-sleep cognitive activity and sleep onset latency. Forty one people with insomnia were given one of three instructional sets to follow on the experimental night; instructions to distract using imagery, general instructions to distract, or no instructions. Based on previous findings reported by Salkovskis & Campbell (1994) 'Behaviour Research and Therapy 32 (1994) 1' and ironic control theory (Wegner, 1994) 'Psychological Review 101 (1994) 34', it was predicted that (1) "imagery distraction" would be associated with shorter sleep onset latency and less frequent and distressing pre-sleep cognitive activity compared to the "no instruction" group and that (2) "general distraction" would be associated with longer sleep onset latency and more frequent and distressing pre-sleep cognitive activity compared to the "no instruction" group. Support was found for the first but not the second prediction. The success of the "imagery distraction" task is attributed to it occupying sufficient "cognitive space" to keep the individual from re-engaging with thoughts, worries, and concerns during the pre-sleep period. In addition, "imagery distraction" involved a very specific alternative cognitive task hence the operating process was given a feature positive search, conditions where mental control is likely to be achieved.     

The Bilingualism of the Language of the Victim and the Language of the Victimizer

Inspired by a panel which took place at the 2018 IARPP conference in New York – this paper, which deals with the bilingualism of the language of the victim and the language of the perpetrator, offers a close reading of the panel’s three papers, trying to characterize their unique poetics of testimony through a differentiation between four modes of traumatic testimony which are distinguished from one another by the degree of the psychic motility they succeed to form in relation to traumatic memories: the “metaphoric”, the “metonymic”, the “excessive” and the “Muselmann” testimonial modes. The last part of the paper suggests a link between the testimonial language of the victim and the testimonial language of the victimizer, trying to understand these polarized languages as two variations of the refusal to mourn.     

From the fixity of the past to the fixity of the independent

There is an old but powerful argument for the claim that exhaustive divine foreknowledge is incompatible with the freedom to do otherwise. A crucial ingredient in this argument is the principle of the “Fixity of the Past” (FP). A seemingly new response to this argument has emerged, the so-called “dependence response,” which involves, among other things, abandoning FP for an alternative principle, the principle of the “Fixity of the Independent” (FI). This paper presents three arguments for the claim that FI ought to be preferred to FP.

     

论经济哲学的部门学科性质

1　　经济哲学究竟属于什么学科 ,是经济哲学研究必须首先弄清的前提性问题。也只有合理地解决了这一前提性问题 ,才能够进一步确定经济哲学的对象和需要研究的问题。本文将通过对经济哲学的概念界定、特别是通过对哲学史所做工作的分析 ,对这一问题进行探讨。经济哲学的概念意     

论科学哲学研究的方向

在中国科学哲学研究上 ,一直有人强调所谓纯而又纯的科学哲学研究 ,并且强调各种转向 ,认为只有对科学哲学的理论问题研究 ,如理论解释、说明、评价以及发展模式的研究才是科学哲学的正宗 ,而自然科学哲学问题研究已经是科学哲学研究的外围了 ,至于科学与社会关系研究则根本不是科学哲学。最近我们比较了国内和国外科学哲学研究刊物中的一些文献发现 ,自然科学哲学问题研究一直是国外科学哲学的主流。一　国外研究状况我们以国外三个著名科学哲学刊物 (PhilosophyofTheSeience ,BritishJournalforthePhilos ophyofScience ,JournalforGe…     

论汉代易学文化解释功能的扩张

《周易》尊崇的经典地位是在西汉时期确立的,汉《易》之特色在于象数学大昌。汉代易学既以其哲理观念的宏观层面的影响,更以其卦爻符号、象数模式的具体形态的影响,介入政治、经济、军事、伦理等核心领域,也介入天文历法、物候气象、灾异、医药等自然科学领域,还介入音乐、文学、建筑等艺术领域,表现出易学文化解释功能的扩张。汉代易学文化解释功能之扩张,对当时及后世均产生极大的影响,具有独特的文化意义。     

Understanding the social costs of narcissism: the case of the tragedy of the commons

Two studies examined narcissism and behavior in a commons dilemma. Study 1 used a four-person, laboratory-based task and Study 2 used a dyadic task. Participants were told that they represented one of four (Study 1) or two (Study 2) forestry companies and then were asked to harvest timber from a renewable forest. Narcissism was found to be positively related to acquisitive goals and harvesting more timber in the initial round. The more narcissists harvesting in the competitive group of four (Study 1) or dyad (Study 2), the less timber was harvested overall and the more rapidly the forest was depleted. Within competitive groups and dyads, however, narcissists harvested more than the nonnarcissists competing with them. In all, narcissism provided a benefit to the self, but at a long-term cost to other individuals and to the commons.     

《宋刻〈唐柳本尊传碑〉校补》文中"天福"纪年的考察与辨正--兼大足、安岳石刻柳本尊"十炼图"题记"天福"年号的由来探疑

本文对重庆大足、安岳等地的石刻中有关《柳本尊传碑》中所记载的“天福”年号作了考证,认为柳本尊作传的作者是释祖觉禅师,“天复”应为“天福”,“十炼图”题记中的年号应为蜀王王建所称。安岳“十炼图”添刻的柳本尊生卒年失实,《汉州志》所载与史实贴近。     

论唐宋时期易学在南诏、大理国都城建设中的运用

唐宋时期的大理是南诏、大理国等六个王朝和政权五百多年的京畿之地,是11世纪世界十四座大城市之一和亚洲文化十字路口的古都.自汉代传人云南洱海地区的易学对南诏、大理国的政治思想、宗教教育、建筑规划、城市布局、艺术创作等皆产生了极其重要的作用和深远的影响.本文通过作者对南诏、大理国都城的系统研究,从王都的选址、整体规划布局及建筑格式与风格等方面来论述易学运用对中国南方少数民族王朝都城建设和规划的影响.     

公民道德建设的实效性刍议

为了保证公民道德建设取得实效,我们必须做到以下三个有机结合：他律机制和自律机制有机结合;灌输机制和接受机制有机结合;普遍性和特殊性有机结合。     

试论交往方式变迁与思维方式转型

思维方式的转型是与社会结构的变迁 ,特别是与人们的交往方式的变迁联系在一起的。非市场经济条件下基于传统共同体基础上的人们之间“人的依赖关系”的交往方式向市场经济条件下基于现代市民社会基础上的人们之间“物的依赖性”的交往方式的历史性变迁 ,是理解思维方式转型的一个契机。透过交往方式的变迁这一契机 ,我们看到所谓思维方式的转型实际上就是由传统的非辩证的思维方式向现代的辩证的思维方式的转换。本文尝试着把思维方式的转型与人们之间交往方式的历史性变迁联系起来进行讨论 ,以期将思维方式转型问题的讨论引向具体和深入。…     

"价值论研究学术研讨会"综述

面对全球化发展趋势和我国社会主义现代化建设新时期的实际,价值论研究如何通过深化和创新担负起应有的理论使命,是摆在价值论研究者面前义不容辞的任务。中共中央政治局委员、中国社会科学院院长李铁映同志提议召开并亲自参加,中国社会科学院哲学研究所价值理论研究室主办的“价值论研究学术研讨会”,于2001年9月19日至20日在北京举行。来