Assistants familiaux : une parentalité d'accueil ?

Childs in foster care are entrusted to foster parents who assumed parental functions, which usually are accomplished by birth parents. This caretaker, the foster parent, raises foster child in his own family. Nevertheless, there are no filiations between foster parents and the child. In this way, we want to know what kind of parenting builds a foster parent. Is this parenting different from biological one? The major goal of this paper is to analyse the characteristic of foster parenting. A statistic and lexical software (Alceste) had analysed semi-directing interview of 32 caregivers. Three forms of foster parenting are identified: "a temporary parenting", "a professional parenting" and "a differentiated educational parenting".     

La formation en psychologie : du savoir à la culture

What do we exactly do, when we use academic studies to train a psychologist? This paper explores the idea that, besides transmitting theoretical knowledge and practical skills, we accompany the students through an intense identity reorganisation, a migration crisis which for them is implied by the discovery of the psychological culture. It is based upon the author's practice, as a psychologist and teacher, with mature students, whose experience constitutes a magnifiying glass to understand the process of this reorganization. Along this way, psychological knowledge cannot be envisioned only as an object to be transmitted, but as an object to be constructed: the model of knowledge acquisition is transformed into a model of reinforcement of thought.     

Utilisation d'un hypermédia et apprentissage : deux activités concurrentes ou complémentaires ?

This article presents a review of the empirical literature about the use of hypermedia for learning. It uses the cognitive load theory as a framework to interpreter the results. This framework enables us to structure the review in four main parts, corresponding to the principal sources of the variations of the cognitive cost: the hypermedia, the learner, the leaning task, and the using task, and to their under-components. According to us, the user of an hypermedia for learning carries out a learning activity and a hypermedia using activity, the first being the goal, the second being the means and representing a specific overcost. We propose to interpret the data observed not in reference to a linear correlation training-use but in reference to the implication training-use.     

Clinique de la souffrance en milieu judiciaire : plaidoyer pour un cadre élargi

We think about the practise of the psychologist in judicial milieu who accompany adolescents or adults accused, before judgment. We suggest that this people address a specific demand on the social environment by acting out; their psychic difficulties include the absence of a cure demand. In this context, the verbalisation about the transgressive acting out permit to open a subjectivation work. But for the most suffering patients, the psychologist serve to contain the early life traumatisms, linked to the judicial affair, and which mobilize notably the counter-transference of the clinician. The elaboration of the meet setting, with his paradoxical aspect, constitute one of the conditions to create a relation, in suffering way in the life history of the patient.     

Les violences et agressions physiques au travail : analyse de la littérature

"The whole of the personnel was put in strike… the reason… one of their colleagues was violently attacked by a user with a knife…". Far from being a news in brief, workplace violence is present within the media; privileged witnesses of an iceberg. Indeed, according to last figures of European investigations, close of an employee on one on ten (9%) known as to have been victim of intimidation on its workplace, and 6% were victims of physical violence. And, however, some advance the idea that the official figures are well far from reality from the company, the majority of the figures relates the violence with even morbid serious after-effects more (Eurogip, 1998). This article will thus stick to work out an inventory of workplace violence and more specifically of physical violence. With this intention, an analysis of 28 articles was carried out starting from various criteria in order to raise conceptual nebula around this phenomenon. Which are the definitions suggested, methodologies used and the results obtained by this research? Thus, this article will open a track of reflexion on the perception of violence at work like occupational hazard but also like a stake of health at the work and public safety.     

Prise en charge orthophonique des dyslexiques : influence des représentations familiales

Speech therapy with certain dyslexic children does not always produce the desired results. Unfortunately, as adults, these children face serious obstacles in their socioprofessional insertion. This article attempts to identify certain causes of this failure and examines more specifically the family's attitude towards the child's reading disorder and reviews certain reading remediation. The results show that the family's attitudes towards dyslexia, associated with the system of shared family beliefs (family myth), determine the involvement of the parents and the children in the reading remediation and consequently its progression. Importantly, the efficiency of the remediation depends not only on the techniques used but also on the collaboration between the speech therapist and the family unit.     

Environmental annoyances: an urban-specific threat to quality of life?

Two questions are at the bases of this paper: (1) what is the importance of environmental features among all other factors contributing to threaten the individual's quality of life, and (2) are cities perceived as being worse than rural environments in terms of environmental quality? In order to respond to these questions, a French version of the Lazarus Hassle scale has been published in an issue of the periodic “Science et Vie”. 1791 individuals from all parts of France sent in their responses. Results show that environmental features are among the most severe hassles of daily life in French population. They are the most often mentioned and the highest ranked items. Looking at the size of the place of residence, it appears that inhabitants of rural areas do not consider themselves significantly less exposed to stressors like noise, air pollution, traffic problems or criminality than Parisians or inhabitants of other big agglomerations, and they do not feel significantly less irritated, frustrated or anxious by environmental problems, than others. In terms of people–environment relations, the results suggest that, whatever the objective environmental condition, people feel stressed by environmental problems, which indicates that the awareness of such issues seem to be at least partly dependent on normative social constructs.     

Chirurgie esthétique : demande de consultation et fonctionnement psychosocial

Plastic surgery is an increasingly widespread practice in France and in the world. Ceaseless increase in the number of consultants leads us to question on the choice of these patients and the psychological consequences their steps and surgical acts. International research mentions the existence of various psychological factors: quality of life, elements dysmorphophobic, characteristic personality… Examination of the review's literature leads to question us on their relevance and their explanatory capacities of the step to consult a plastic surgeon. It is noted that the decision-making of consultation falls under a psychic process where intervenes quality of psychosocial functioning and characteristic personality.     

Dysfonctionnement de l'environnement et travail en réseau : approche clinique d'un lien social

Resting against an research-action which related to six districts known as “sensitive” and touched approximately 400 professionals and 500 parents, this text consolidates the report of a dysfunction in the relations between the professionals and the professionals and the parents. It clarifies the idea of a genesis of the passage to the act and conduits at the risk which would be nourished of this dysfunction. A setting in network, which places work on the level of the processes will intra, inter psychic and interpersonal which took part in the emergence of the problems and with the failure of the solutions which were proposed to them, could constitute an alternative to this dysfunction. This text gives a report on the strong moments of the work of development by which the parents and the professionals within the framework of this setting in network pass and whose result could be a protected environment, more stable even indestructible.     

Les troubles du comportement chez l'enfant et l'adolescent : vers une cohérence des pratiques pluridisciplinaires

Many professionals are involved with the children who present behaviour disorders. One question is “How to develop a medical and psychological care project which involves the child, the family and the school”. In order to respond to that question, four papers with different theoretical approaches will follow in this issue of Pratiques Psychologiques. They present: 1) the different nosological status of behaviour disorders; 2) an example of an analytic work with children and their relatives; 3) a behavioural intervention at school; 4) the problems of treatment access and possibilities of new responses.     

Influencer les jugements de l'adversaire au cours des interactions sportives compétitives : un exemple en tennis de table

This study analysed the masking activity of table tennis players, and any activity attempting to influence opponent's perceptions. We studied the activity of five French table tennis players during national matches in reference to the course of action theory (Theureau, 1992). Matches were videotaped, and the players' verbalizations as they viewed the tapes were collected a posteriori. The data were analysed by 1) transcribing the players' actions and verbalizations, 2) decomposing their activity into elementary units of meaning, and 3) analysing the meaningful structures of the course of action. The results showed that a large part of the table tennis players activity attempts to influence opponent's judgments. This activity aims to 1) modify the opponent's emotional experience, and 2) influence the opponent's perception of adversarial relationship. It is expressed through strokes and behaviors not related to the game. Our results lead to a new perspective of table tennis matches analysis in term of collective activity and “shared context” (Salembier and Zouinar, 2004).     

Les études des relations sociales précoces : sommes-nous trop « sécure » avec l'attachement ou trop « attaché » à la sécurité ?

During the past thirty years, empirical research has amply demonstrated the central role of early mother-child relations for subsequent social, cognitive and affective development. However, this confirmation of the vital role of primary attachment for later personal development has been accompanied by a relative neglect of the contribution of other social partners to the emerging competence of the young child. A critical review of the attachment literature underscores the need to replace the monotropic model of primary attachment by a more systemic model of development within the polyadic context of the family. For both theoretical and empirical reasons, a social ecological approach to early development permits overcoming the prosocial, positivistic biases of a single dimension, dyadic model of early socialization. The formulation of more systemic, multi-dimensional models of early family relations promises to advance our understanding of the complex adaptive processes that serve as developmental foundations for children’s emerging interpersonal competence.     

Les variations dans le rappel onirique : synthèse et intégration des connaissances

The purpose of this review is to identify the main factors influencing dream recall frequency by focussing on the most recent developments and important contributions to the field. In summary, the capacity to produce dream experiences appears to depend on visuospatial skills while the capacity to recall dreams depends primarily on motivational factors as well as on variables affecting the accessibility of the dream experience. With respect to the various traits traditionally associated with dream recall (e.g. absorption, psychological boundaries, mental imagery, creativity), they likely reflect an estimation bias. Finally, the role of the dream experience's saliency on its recall remains uncertain.     

Explanation and categorization: How “why?” informs “what?”

Recent theoretical and empirical work suggests that explanation and categorization are intimately related. This paper explores the hypothesis that explanations can help structure conceptual representations, and thereby influence the relative importance of features in categorization decisions. In particular, features may be differentially important depending on the role they play in explaining other features or aspects of category membership. Two experiments manipulate whether a feature is explained mechanistically, by appeal to proximate causes, or functionally, by appeal to a function or goal. Explanation type has a significant impact on the relative importance of features in subsequent categorization judgments, with functional explanations reversing previously documented effects of ‘causal status’. The findings suggest that a feature’s explanatory importance can impact categorization, and that explanatory relationships, in addition to causal relationships, are critical to understanding conceptual representation.     

La substitution dans les études de représentations sociales : quel processus impliqué ?

This study of social representations aims at identifying the process involved in the responses produced with a substitution technique. Two alternative hypotheses are discussed: one that considers that substitution induces social comparison (Chokier and Moliner, 2006), the other suggesting that this technique leads to a reduction of normative pressures (Guimelli, 1998). In the research presented here, we studied the social representations of Drug addicts (in the tolerance towards the use of cannabis) and of Unemployed people, in order to compare the results with those obtained by Chokier and Moliner (2006) about security. With a specific population of students, these objects allowed us to manipulate two levels of distance to the object of representation. Concerning the technique of substitution, three levels of distance to the reference group (French people in general, Young people, Students) were combined into questionnaires with four types of instructions: standard, substitution, pro- and counter-normative. The PCA highlights a Guttman effect, which indicating that the responses produced with standard instruction are less normative than the responses produced with the substitution instruction to Young people. These results invalidate an explanation in terms of effect Primus Inter Pares. Globally, the results mainly show that the more the distance to the object is low and the distance to the reference group is high, the more the responses produce in substitution are seen as pro-normative and near from those produced with standard instruction. More specifically, we identified a number of inconsistencies with regard to what one could expect from an explanation of the phenomena in terms of personal versus social identity. As regards the representation of Unemployed people, the more the participants are closed to the reference group, the more the responses produced with an instruction of auto-valorization (pro-normative) are closed to those produced in substitution. However, on one hand, this result is observed only with the representation of Unemployed people, and, on the other hand, a social comparison explanation would suppose that the participants perceived the group of French people in general as homogeneous and identified themselves to this group at the same level than to the two other reference groups, which is unlikely. Finally, these results lead us to conclude that the substitution does not induce social comparison (Chokier and Moliner, 2006), but more probably reduction of normative pressures (Guimelli, 1998). It thus suggests that the study of masking effects through a substitution technique should take into account two parameters: distance to the object and distance to the reference group.     

L'identification des enfants à haut potentiel : Quelles perspectives pour l'approche psychométrique ?

The identification of gifted children is a paradoxical issue in the scientific literature. This topic is largely underrepresented, in spite of the complexity of the questions it raises. The concept of identification of giftedness is a multifaceted topic. From a theoretical point of view, the definitions of giftedness diverge. From a methodological point of view, the domains of measurement, the techniques of evaluation and the criteria used are also extremely variable. The limits of the “traditional” psychometric approach to giftedness are presented starting from the example of the WISC. Several questions are addressed: the value of the identification threshold, the relevance of available norms and psychometric qualities of this test. Finally, prospects offered by Item Response Models to renew the psychometric approach to the identification of giftedness are considered.     

Représentations sociales et pratiques sociales : l'exemple de l'engagement pro-environnemental en agriculture

The current environmental concerns led the farmers to gradually modify their practices in favour of a greater respect of the environment. This established fact sparked off a comparative study between social representations and agricultural practices. Those were operationalized through the conservation of traditional practices or the adoption of pro-environmental practices (i.e. a commitment into a specific action such as organic agriculture, reasoned agriculture…). The data were gathered using associations of words and treated by the prototypical analysis and the factorial analysis. This double theoretical and methodological approach allowed to highlight the elements of representation shared by the group of farmers and to identify different standpoints with regard to the environment according to the practices.     

La fin de l'adolescence pour un état adulte : mythe ou réalité ?

Research in philosophy, sociology, psychiatry, psychology and psychoanalysis converge on the one hand to describe modernism as an approach to ignoring subjectivity, as a consequence of the power of the economy, and on the other hand the identification of the word as an instrument of the advent of subjective autonomy, the only real “maturity” which exists. By its words, the individual becomes autonomous from this economic matter as it does from its fantasies. There are many, of all ages, who never reach this position. Consequently, does the postulate of adolescence being limited to an age bracket have any sense? And doesn't all that has been said referring to this concept apply in fact to all social suffering?