Outflow theory and autokinetic movement: color, viewing angle, and dark adaptation.

The number of reported changes in direction of autokinetic movement was assessed as a function of color of the light that served as stimulus, viewing angle (0, 30, or 60 deg of displacement from straight ahead), and dark adaptation. Color and dark adaptation had no significant main effect on the number of reported changes in direction for the red and yellow lights, but viewing angle was inversely related to the number of reported changes. For the blue-green light, atypical effects of viewing angle and dark adaptation were found.     

中国颜色体系研究

概述了用颜色立体模型表示物体颜色,并做定量表示的颜色体系研究的理论意义及应用价值。介绍了国际上影响较大的颜色体系理论和编制原则的特点。中国颜色体系研究是在对国际上其它颜色体系的理论分析和对颜色样品测试的基础上,确立其理论依据和编制原则,开展了中国人眼对明度、色调、彩度等间距排列的视觉评价实验,建立了中国颜色体系理论模型。同时研制出《中国颜色体系样册》。该项研究于１９９３年７月通过了国家自然科学基金委员会和中国科学院联合召开的成果鉴定会,并得到良好的评价,又于１９９４年６月通过国家标准审查。该项研究的完成和推广,不仅能为我国国民经济各部门的颜色控制、标定和交流提供科学的颜色定量手段,同时也是对实用色度学的发展和颜色标准化工作做了有益的工作,产生了积极的经济效益和社会效益。     

Movement aftereffects contingent on color,intensity, and pattern

We have found contingent movement aftereffects (CMAEs) lasting several days, contingent upon the color, intensity, and stripe width of moving patterns. Ss adapted for 10 min to a patterned disk rotating clockwise under red light, alternating every 10 sec with counterclockwise under green light. When stopped, the disk then appeared to rotate counterclockwise under red light and clockwise under green light. The effect lasted only a second or two, reappearing each time the field’s color was changed. But it increased in strength over the first 1/2 hand was still present 1 or 2 days later. Color transposition effects were found: after adaptation to red-clockwise (long wavelength) alternating with green-counterclockwise (short wavelength), a stationary yellow (long wavelength) test field appeared to rotate counterclockwise and a blue (short wavelength) field appeared to rotate clockwise. Relative, not absolute, color of the test triggered the CMAE. Similar CMAEs and transposition effects were produced by pairing direction of movement with intensity, with width of moving stripes and with orientation of a stationary grating projected onto a rotating patterned disk.     

Limitations on the parallel guidance of visual search: color x color and orientation x orientation conjunctions

In visual search for a conjunction it is much more difficult to search for the conjunction of 2 colors or 2 orientations than for Color x Orientation or Color x Shape conjunctions. The result is not limited to particular colors or shapes. Two colors cannot occupy the same spatial location in Color x Color searches. However, Experiments 6 and 7 show that Color x Shape searches remain efficient even if the color and shape are spatially separated. Our guided search model suggests that in searches for Color x Shape, a parallel color module can guide attention toward the correct color, whereas the shape module guides attention toward the correct shape. Together these 2 sources of guidance lead attention to the target. However, if a target is red and green among red-blue and green-blue distractors, it is not possible to guide search independently toward red items and green items or away from all blue items.     

颜色偏好研究进展

颜色偏好是人在心理上所喜爱或偏好的颜色。人们对抽象颜色、具体物色都会表现出偏好;性格、性别、年龄、文化等因素会影响颜色偏好。以往研究者在研究内容、研究材料、研究条件尚存不足,这正是今后研究的方向。     

COLOR THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS IN SCOTOPIC VISION: Simultaneous color contrast

S tabell , U. & S tabell , B. Color threshold measurements in scotopic vision. III. Simultaneous color contrast. Scand J. Psychol ., 1968, 9, 133–137.—Color may be observed well below the break-point level of the dark adaptation curve, suggesting that the impulse pattern initiated in the rods may trigger a color-related response. Color is induced when the intensity of the inducing field reaches a certain level above the specific threshold, provided the stimulation of the test field is observable.     

不同照明条件下中国青年女性彩色图片的喜爱肤色

本研究采用类例判断法,在不同光源下对22张图片肤色样本逐一地进行主观评价。使用的照明光源为D65、CWF和A三种标准光源,色温分别为6500K、4150K和2856K。垂直照明,45°观察．肤色样本的视角为2°。实验结果表明：观察者在A光源下比D65光源更容易地评价肤色样本的质量,即在D65光源下的满意样本,在A光源下其喜爱程度趋于提高,而对不满意样本的喜爱程度趋于降低或基本相同;在三种照明条件下,被评为最佳肤色的样本与真实肤色有些偏离,色调略为偏黄,亮度较高,饱和度则非常接近;在肤色的波长范围内,亮度较高而饱和度偏低的肤色样本往往是优选样本。     

COLOR THRESHOLD MEASUREMENTS IN SCOTOPIC VISION: Test-stimulation varied

S tabell , U. & S tabell , B. Color threshold measurements in scotopic vision. II. Test-stimulation varied. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1968, 9, 129–132.—The color threshold curve generally coincides with the dark adaptation curve of the rods, irrespectively of test-stimulation variation, confirming the assumption that a threshold response of rods may initiate a color-related process. Variation of color threshold intensity is thus assumed to reflect variation of rod threshold intensity.     

颜色知觉恒常理论的回顾

本文对早期颜色恒常理论、系数理论、计算理论和 Octant模型作了简要回顾 ,并结合已有的研究成果进行评述。对影响颜色恒常性机制的主要因素进行了探讨。强调了知觉经验、记忆、认知决策等高级意识活动对颜色恒常知觉的作用 ,并尝试性地提出了描述颜色恒常知觉过程的一般参照框架。     

VSearch Color: Full-color visual search experiments on the Macintosh II

We describe an update to our visual search software for the Macintosh line of computers. The new software, VSearch Color, gives users access to the full-color capabilites of the Macintosh II line. One of the key features of the new software is its ability to treat graphics information separately from color information. This makes it easy to study color independently of form, to design experiments based on isoluminant stimuli, and to incorporate texture segregation, visual identification, number discrimination, adaptation, masking, and spatial cuing into the basic visual search paradigm.     

Rod involvement in peripheral color processing

Abstract.— It has previously been suggested that rods act as blue receptors in peripheral color vision. Two experiments examining this issue were conducted. Experiment 1 investigated the perceived hue of a test light presented at a luminance level above chromatic threshold. At 8° in the periphery, the 500 nm test light was perceived as more blue under conditions of dark adaptation than after light adaptation. Similar differences were not found for foveal presentation. The increased blue in the periphery after dark adaptation was attributed to a rod contribution. In Experiment 2 an attempt was made to mix a rod contribution obtained with a 470 nm light below chromatic threshold, with a cone color obtained from a 670 nm light presented above chromatic threshold. No evidence was obtained to support the idea that a blue produced by rods stimulated below chromatic threshold could mix with a red produced by cones stimulated above chromatic threshold. The results are discussed in terms of a rod contribution to hue which is dependent on the luminance level of short wavelength stimulation.     

Computation of cone contrasts for color vision research

Cone-contrast coordinates have proved useful for representing transient test stimuli used in color vision experiments. These representations automatically take into account the spectral absorption of cones and any Weberian adaptation to steady fields of light. Under these conditions, they also can be interpreted as being an approximation to the incremental cone response. A detailed methodology is presented for making appropriate measurements and calculations of cons contrasts for any light source, especially color monitors.     

An Approach to Use of Color on the Rorschach through Individual Color Preferences

More must be learned of color and its possible relationships with the Rorschach before its interpretation may be taken with assurance. Twenty Ss were administered the Rorschach and a Color Battery of four tasks chosen to tap color preference. Preferences were analyzed for use of the color on the Rorschach plates; color response scores and form-level scores; relationship with color meaning for the subject. Significances were found between: (1) preference and use of color; (2) preference and CF and C scores; (3) plus form-level and preferences. Color meanings varied with each subject. Color preference may influence the subject's use of color on the Rorschach, as well as scores, regardless of what the preferred color may be or the amount available. Generalizations are not warranted on the basis of color or color use, especially as regards differential diagnosis.     

中国人眼对非彩色系表色色差辨别的实验研究

报道了中国人眼对表色色差辨别的实验研究中非彩色系列实验研究结果,并与国外有关结果进行了比较。结果表明,非彩色的明度特性变化,对人眼色差辨别无显著影响,色差值仅随目视评价的感觉等级不同而异。此结果与国外有关报道的结果基本一致。实验结果为中国颜色体系的非彩色系颜色样品提出了色差宽容度：△Ｅ＜１．５。此色差宽容度已被全国颜色标准化技术委员会认定为ＧＳＢＡ２６００３—９４《中国颜色体系》国家标准中颜色样品色差宽容度的技术参数。     

The quantitative measure of pattern representation in images using orientation-specific color aftereffects

A quantitative method is developed for assessing the quality of pattern information in imagery, using the magnitude of color aftereffects as an objective index. Subjects were given instructions to project imagined bar patterns of particular width and orientation onto adapting color fields, in such a manner as to simulate standard conditions for establishing the McCollough effect. Our control procedures indicate that the resulting orientation-specific complementary color aftereffects cannot be attributed to the conditioning of particular directions of eye scanning movements to color processing during adaptation, or to other possible sources of experimental bias. Furthermore, subjects who rated themselves prior to the adaptation procedure as having relatively vivid imagery showed significantly larger aftereffects than those who reported having relatively low imagery. These results not only provide an important confirmation of our earlier finding that imagination can replace physical pattern information in the formation of basic color-feature associations in the human visual system, but also demonstrate that these aftereffects can provide a practical measure of the fidelity of pattern representation in visual images.     

Black Beauty: Skin Color and Body Images among African-American College Women1

Skin color has played an historically influential role in the lives of African Americans. The present study examined the role of skin color (i. e., its lightness-darkness) as it pertained to various body-image measures among 66 light-, medium-, and darkskinned Black college females. A Skin Color Assessment Procedure was developed to assess various perceptual dimensions of skin color. Although subjects were generally satisfied with their skin tone, the idealization of lightness was apparent in several respects. Those who desired a different skin tone favored being lighter more than being darker. Unlike light- and dark-skinned Black females, medium-toned Black females' held personal ideals that were significantly lighter than their self-perceived color. The majority of subjects believed that Black men found light skin most attractive. Although actual skin color did not predict various facets of body image satisfaction, skin color satisfaction was positively related to satisfaction with overall appearance and with the face. Future research should address the possible mediating role of racial identity vis-a-vis the effects of skin color and racial physiognomy on body image.     

Contingent aftereffects: lateral interactions between color and motion

A randomly dotted yellow disk was rotated at a speed of 5 rpm, alternating in direction every 10 sec. Its change in direction of rotation was paired with a change in surround color, which was either red or green. After 15 min of exposure, observers reported vivid motion aftereffects contingent on the color of both the stationary disk and the surround, even though during adaptation only motion or color was associated with either alone. In further experiments, it was established that a change in color (or direction of motion) of the disk could be associated with a change in direction of motion (or color) of the surround. Such lateral effects were found even when a wide (5 degree) annulus was introduced between the disk and the surround during adaptation and testing. Furthermore, the aftereffects generalized to the annulus, which was not associated with either color or motion during adaptation. However, when the disk alone was adapted to color and motion, no generalization to the surround was found (and vice versa), suggesting that the effects are not produced by adaptation of large receptive fields or by scatter of light within the eye. The results appear to conflict with the ideas that contingent aftereffects are confined to the adapted area of the retina and that they are built up by links between single-duty neurones, and with an extreme view of the segregation of color and motion early in human vision.     

Color preferences, extraversion, and neuroticism of art students.

Color preferences of 190 art students (G?tz & G?tz, 1974, 1975) were compared with the corresponding scores on extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N). It was found that the preferences of a group of 27 highly gifted young artists were different from preferences of average and less gifted Ss who had little or no artistic practice. In the latter group extraverts and ambiverts mainly preferred primary and secondary colors (light clear and dark clear tones included), while introverts preferred tertiary colors (earth colors) and achromatics. However, in the group of highly gifted Ss no significant differences between positive and negative rankings in both color categories were found. Neuroticism had no effect on color preferences; this holds for introverts and extraverts and for each single color.     

Cross-cultural validity, reliability, and stimulus characteristics of the Lüscher Color Test

The Lüscher Color Test (LCT) was administered to 125 Canadian university students, 88 of whom were retested 21 days later. Sample and sex-specific color preferences were found as well as discrepancies between Lüscher's color-naming system and two widely used color-naming systems. Test-retest reliability estimates were low. It was concluded that the LCT suffers from major shortcomings and that research investigating the relationship between color preference and personality should follow alternate paths.     

The structure of color experience and the existence of surface colors

Color experience is structured. Some “unique” colors (red, green, yellow, and blue) appear as “pure,” or containing no trace of any other color. Others can be considered as a mixture of these colors, or as “binary colors.” According to a widespread assumption, this unique/binary structure of color experience is to be explained in terms of neurophysiological structuring (e.g., by opponent processes) and has no genuine explanatory basis in the physical stimulus. The argument from structure builds on these assumptions to argue that colors are not properties of surfaces and that color experiences are neural processes without environmental counterparts. We reconsider the argument both in terms of its logic and in the light of recent models in vision science which point at environment-involving patterns that may be at the basis of the unique/binary structure of color experience. We conclude that, in the light of internal and external problems which arise for it, the argument from structure fails.