铲除医学领域的伪科学

简要回顾几年来关于医学庸俗化的学术讨论明确提出应从本质上对前科学、科学、伪科学和反科学这四个相关概念加以区分。医学庸俗化现象事实上包括伪科学和反科学两种既相联系、相区别的社会现象。指出“法轮功”是反科学而不是伪科学。医学中伪科学包括在基础医学１临床医学、临床药物不,乃至卫生管理领域弄虚作假,欺世盗名,违背科学,图财害命的百法行径。医学中的反科学则包括邪教活动、巫医神汉、预卜吉凶等迷信破坏活动。     

Overlooking the Obvious: Incentives to Lie

Over the years, people have searched for deception cues in the liar's behavior. However, the sender's incentives to lie might be more revealing than behavior. In Experiment 1, an incentive was developed that was predictive of lying. Judges with access to incentive information in addition to behavior achieved almost perfect lie/truth detection. This was not a result of the speakers' behavior being transparent (Experiment 2) but because incentive information was useful to separate lies from truths (Experiments 2 and 3). Experiment 3 revealed that people may forego perfectly diagnostic contextual cues to base their judgments on illusory behavioral cues.     

Epistemology of the Obvious: A Geometrical Case

Philosophical Studies -     

罗斯"显见义务"论思想探析

罗斯的"显见义务"论在伦理学史上占据着相当重要的地位,它一方面修正了康德的义务论,另一方面对后果主义作出了新的批评.但是由于罗斯把增进善看成是一种"显见义务",同时没有提供解决各种"显见义务"发生冲突的优先规则,导致他的理论存在一些内在困境.不过,罗斯的"显见义务"论对重新思考义务论与后果主义的关系是大有裨益的.     

Eradicating Poverty: The Mission,Vision and Conviction

Journal of Indian Council of Philosophical Research - Eradicating poverty is one of the prime goals included in the Sustainable Development Goals set by the United Nations in its Post-2015...     

Science as Theater: Too Obvious to Be Appreciated

The analogy between science and theater work is so strict as to be normally taken for granted without the need of further specification. This implies that the analogy is completely ignored. Here I try to go in depth into the character of this analogy and to demonstrate how stopping and thinking about this issue could give some useful hints for solving problems that contemporary science is experiencing.     

Anaesthesia or psychotherapy: Eradicating thoughts or working them through

The author presents two sessions from the analysis of a depressive narcissistic doctor, which are characterised by a mixture of co-operation and pseudo-co-operation. The dialogue is in parts intellectualised, complicated, lifeless and schizoid. Points at which the patient shows surprising insights are then partly denigrated by him, on the basis that change is not to be expected. Semi-lifeless contact assists the defensive claustrophobia that he experiences in meaningful contact. It becomes very clear that he is then afraid of entering into an openly aggressive conflict that entails the existential threat of object loss. However, this has so far been avoided. The secret pleasure in an anal-narcissistic, sadomasochistic addiction to doubt persists in the partial denigration. The patient's artificially maintained self-doubt and doubt of the object reinforce a genuine confusion that consists in never knowing exactly what lies behind the helpful and needed object.     

Beyond the Obvious: Chronic Vividness of Imagery and the Use of Information in Decision Making

The authors investigate two competing hypotheses about how chronic vividness of imagery interacts with the vividness and salience of information in decision making. Results from four studies, covering a variety of decision domains, indicate that chronic imagery vividness rarely amplifies the effects of vivid and salient information. Imagery vividness may, in fact, attenuate the effects of vivid and salient information. This is because, relative to nonvivid imagers, vivid imagers rely less on information that appears obvious and rely more on information that seems less obvious. This tendency is so robust that vividness of imagery may amplify the effects of vivid information only when this information is the only information available in the decision field. The findings seem to reflect vivid imagers' tendency to totally immerse themselves in a decision problem and scrutinize the available information creatively.     

The Differential Responding of Male Prisoners to Subtle and Obvious MCMI Subscales

We investigated the differential responding of 100 male inmates to subtle and obvious MCMI scale items; subtlety was determined by judgments by college students. It has been predicted that item subtlety would be positively correlated with item endorsement. This prediction was supported across all 175 MCMI items. as well as across items on 7 of 8 personality and 8 of 12 clinical scales. It had also been predicted that education and intelligence would moderate the relationship between subtlety and endorsement, with inmates higher in education and intelligence demonstrating a greater tendency than other inmates to avoid obvious items. Modest support was obtained for this prediction, with statistically significant results found for 4 personality and 5 clinical scales. The significance of the subtle-obvious distinction is discussed, especially when employing the MCMI with an inmate population.     

试论妈祖信仰的文化纽带作用

妈祖信仰作为一种民间文化,已有上千年的历史。妈祖信仰是一种活态文化期性和群众性;在社会变迁中,妈祖文化具有了多重功能。我们在充分发挥妈祖信仰的文化纽带作用的同时,还要大力保护和研究妈祖文化这份珍贵的历史遗产和文化资源。     

From the fixity of the past to the fixity of the independent

There is an old but powerful argument for the claim that exhaustive divine foreknowledge is incompatible with the freedom to do otherwise. A crucial ingredient in this argument is the principle of the “Fixity of the Past” (FP). A seemingly new response to this argument has emerged, the so-called “dependence response,” which involves, among other things, abandoning FP for an alternative principle, the principle of the “Fixity of the Independent” (FI). This paper presents three arguments for the claim that FI ought to be preferred to FP.

     

On the interaction of the subject and the experiment in the matching model

Two types of matching designs, static and dynamic, are differentiated. While all matching designs are logically the same in terms of the probability model which determines chance level of performance, an attempt is made to demonstrate that there is an interaction between the tactics, strategies, and actual knowledge ofS and the type of design used which will, in turn, lead to different results even whenS's knowledge is held constant. It is suggested that analogous situations may exist within the framework of the traditional psychometric model.The work reported in this paper was supported by a National Science Foundation Undergraduate Research Participation Grant (NSF-G15797) to the senior author. The authors are indebted to Joel E. Greene for his advice and criticism.