短时动作记忆的容量和精确度与动作学习的关系

该研究采用实验室实验法,被试自我报告分析及调查访问法,以三个年龄（１０岁、１４岁、１８岁）组学生及专项运动员为实验对象,揭示短时动作记忆的容量和精确度及其与动作学习指数的关系。结果表明：（１）被试的短时动作记忆容量为“５±２”,短时动作记忆的容量与动作学习的练习次数相联系;短时动作记忆的精确度与第一次动作练习的准确度相联系。（２）短时动作记忆的容量有随年龄增长而递增的趋势。（３）运动员与非运动员被试对于同类动作学习的练习次数存在显著性差异。     

动作操作与怪异性对联结记忆的影响

被试操作任务（SPT）编码后的记忆成绩通常优于语词任务（VT）编码后的记忆成绩,此类现象被称为SPT效应。本研究考察动作与物体之间已有的联结程度对联结再认的SPT效应的影响。学习阶段,被试使用SPT与VT编码识记日常动作短语（动作与物体配对,如“切西瓜”）和怪异动作短语（如“种锤子”）;测试阶段,要求被试区分“旧”、“重组合”和“新”短语。结果发现,当识记日常动作短语时,SPT条件的联结再认成绩显著高于VT条件的成绩,但是,当识记怪异动作短语时,SPT条件与VT条件的联结再认成绩无显著差异。此外,仅在VT而非SPT条件,怪异动作短语的联结再认成绩显著高于日常动作短语的成绩。研究结果表明,动作操作和刺激材料的怪异性均可促进动作与物体的联结记忆,但是两者不能对联结记忆产生叠加的促进作用。     

视障群体的编码方式对动作内隐和外显记忆影响的实验研究

采用加工分离程序的研究方法,以视障运动员和视障学生为实验组,明眼运动员和明眼学生为对照组,以肘关节动作为实验材料,考查了动作内隐和外显记忆的特点。结果显示：(1)视障和明眼运动员的动作内隐和外显记忆均受到编码方式的影响;而视障和明眼学生仅动作外显记忆受到编码方式的影响：(2)不同被试类间的动作内隐和外显记忆成绩存在差异。     

儿童精细动作能力的发展及与其学业成绩的关系

研究了不同精细动作能力的发展、之间的内在联系及其与儿童学业成绩的关系。被试为151名4－8岁儿童以及30名本科生。精细动作能力的测查包括线条填画任务、图形临摹任务以及筷子技能测验。结果发现：（1）不同精细动作能力的发展速度从高到低依次为线条填画能力、图形临摹能力和筷子使用技能;（2）筷子使用技能与线条填画、图形临摹能力都显著相关,线条填画能力和年龄对筷子使用技能具有显著预测作用;（3）不同学业成绩儿童在各类精细动作能力上都存在显著差异。本研究说明,较基本的精细动作能力是复杂工具性技能发展的基础,同时在小学低年级阶段,儿童的精细动作能力与其学习活动之间存在密切联系。     

成年人日常生活记忆的研究

采用三项记忆作业,对１２０例２０—８５岁的被试进行日常记忆和实验室记忆的比较研究,目的为探讨日常记忆的年龄差异及其年老化特点。结果表明：（１）三项记忆成绩均随增龄而减退,其中年老老年组减退明显;（２）作业难度比较：经方差分析结果表明,它对记忆成绩有显著作用,作业难度自评与方差分析相符,“地名”最易,“人姓”居中,“无意义图形再认”最难,因为“地名”为日常生活记忆,难度小于后者（为实验室记忆）。老年人日常生活记忆减退缓慢,他们可利用知识经验补偿记忆减退,使之保持较好。     

动作的创造性操作与原型效应

对各种不同动作操作水平的被试,进行动作操作图式的操作实验。结果发现：１．经过系列动作的学习,可以形成动作原型。２．动作原型对于动作操作有影响作用,这种原型效应明显地表现在动作的创造性操作上。３．动作操作水平与动作原型效应有密切关系,动作原型效应,在操作水平高的人的动作操作上,表现最为明显。４．动作原型效应受背景条件所制约。     

青年人和老年人的元记忆与记忆能力关系的比较研究

采用自编“元记忆简短问卷”和“成人元记忆问卷”,对９０例被试（分为青年、老年和老老年组）进行元记忆及其与记忆关系的比较研究。结果表明：（１）预测记词对数和记图数随增龄而减少,年龄差异明显。评估准确性未显示年龄差异。训练后,预测成绩明显提高,但评估准确性未见提高。测后自评与预测情况相似,但其准确性高于预测,元记忆可能通过记忆过程而有提高;（２）自信程度和使用方法数均随增龄而减少,可能这是影响记忆成绩的重要因素;（３）联想学习和图象自由回忆成绩均与“元记忆简短问卷”和“成人元记忆问卷”的各项自评有不同程度的相关,表明元记忆与记忆关系密切。     

动作反应过程中速度:准确性权衡的研究

本文以127名运动员为被试,通过Acuvision 1000(视觉/动作反应测试系统)设置三种不同定向要求的动作反应任务,以研究运动员在完成长距离准确性动作反应过程中速度——准确性权衡的特点及其习惯倾向的群体差异.结果表明:①在高速度要求下,女运动员准确性下降程度大于男子,但在高准确性要求下,其准确性程度较男运动员好。②开放性运动项目运动员在速度和准确性两方面均优于闭锁性项目运动员,特别是在高速度要求下更为明显。     

幼儿动作发展与动作抑制研究

运用《儿童动作评估检查表》和停止信号任务,通过教师评定和即时行为实验方法,对40名4～6岁幼儿的动作发展水平、动作发展的内部结构、动作抑制的发展趋势和动作抑制与动作一般发展水平之间的关系进行了详细探讨。结果发现,4～6岁幼儿的动作处于一个迅速发展的时期;幼儿在自身与环境的静止或变动情况下,动作发展水平存在不平衡现象,当儿童自身静止并处于静止的环境中时,动作发展水平显著高于儿童自身移动和环境变动状态下的动作水平;男孩与女孩在动作发展的特定条件下存在差异。同时还发现,幼儿的动作反应抑制能力存在明显的年龄发展趋势,随着幼儿年龄的增长,其动作反应抑制能力增强;动作反应抑制能力与一般动作发展水平之间存在显著相关。     

12～20岁个体前瞻记忆的发展与影响因素的研究

以334名12～20岁个体为被试,采用两因素混合设计,探讨这一年龄阶段个体前瞻记忆的发展及影响因素。结果发现,被试前瞻记忆水平随年龄增长而提高,且在14～16岁发展最快;提高基于时间的前瞻记忆负载,会使前瞻记忆成绩降低;前瞻记忆与当前任务的完成呈负相关。表明前瞻记忆是一种策略加工过程。     

MOTOR PREPARATION,MOTOR EXECUTION,ATTENTION, AND EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS IN ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER (ADHD)

Attention and executive functions were investigated in medicated and unmedicated children with ADHD combined type using a novel selective reaching task. This task involved responding as rapidly as possible to a target while at times having to ignore a distractor. Results indicated that unmedicated children with ADHD showed slow and inaccurate responding. Slow responding reflected problems at the stage of movement preparation but not movement execution. An attentional impairment, rather than a motor planning problem per se, appeared to underlie the slow movement preparation. Inaccurate responding reflected problems with response inhibition and selective attention, impulsivity, set-shifting, and difficulties in maintaining vigilance. Although medicated children with ADHD did not show slow movement preparation, they did show some response inaccuracy, resulting especially from impulsive responding.These findings suggest that ADHD is characterized by slow motor preparation (but not motor execution), and deficits in selective attention, vigilance, and executive functions. Preliminary results suggest that stimulant medication may resolve some of these motor, attentional and executive function deficits.     

定量运动负荷和个性特征对动觉准确性和动作稳定性的影响

目的在于了解个性特征和定量运动负荷与同射箭运动员技术水平密切相关的肘关节动觉方位准确性和手动作稳定性的关系。研究结果表明：个性特征对肘关节动觉方位准确性和手动作稳定性的影响不显著;定量运动负荷可以使肘关节动觉方位准确性明显提高,而手动作稳定性变化不显著。本研究初步证明了韩国射箭训练中利用跑步等手段使运动员处于较高心率之下进行射准练习的方法是实用有效的。     

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC BIOFEEDBACK AND PERCEPTUAL MOTOR TRAINING FOR HYPERACTIVITY

Occupational therapists use various treatments and methods to decrease hyperactivity in children. In this article, the etiology and treatment of hyperactivity is reviewed with special emphasis on neurophysiological indices. Application of perceptual motor and electromyographic biofeedback techniques for inhibition of hyperactive behaviors are compared and contrasted as viable treatment options for the occupational therapist. Electromyographic biofeedback and perceptual motor techniques may prove to be supportive therapeutic interventions.     

数学不良儿童的书写运动控制特征

选取小学生47名,其中23名为数学不良,24名为一般儿童,使用数码写字板,测试二者在自然和双任务条件下,书写一条横线的速度、加速度。结果发现：（1）自然条件下书写,MD儿童的速度、加速度与一般儿童相一致,两者的差异均不显著。（2）双任务条件下书写,MD儿童的总体平均速度、加速度明显慢于一般儿童的,两者的差异均显著。     

EFFECTS OF ACHIEVEMENT MOTIVES AND SEX ON WRESTLING ABILITY AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE

An earlier study of main effects of achievement motives on performance amongst boy wrestlers was repeated with girls. The 1970 Achievement Motives Scale of Gjesme and Nygård was administered to 29 girls, and subjects' scores were sampled for three different wrestling championships at a national level. Oxygen uptake, speed of movement, four muscular strength exercises, and serial performance of five wrestling holds were measured. As with males, success-oriented females performed better than indifferent-oriented subjects in wrestling championships. The former group performed also better than the latter in pull-ups, sit-ups, forward throw and 1/4 Nelson. In addition, success-oriented females performed better than those who were failure-oriented in pull-ups and sit-ups, although this was not the case in other tasks and championships. Indications of sex differences in the relationship between motivation and performance were found among subjects who aim for achievement and, at the same time, have a high motive for failure, i.e. those who were conflict-oriented. Motive patterns and sex influence some, but not all, of the responses measured in the different tasks. Suggestions for future systematic research on a task effect are discussed. In general, the data indicate that, among highly selected and high ability boys and girls who set a high value on goals of an activity, relationships between achievement motives and performance in that activity should emerge for both sexes. In addition, sex should modify motive-performance relationships.     

DETERIORATION OF MENTAL AND MOTOR FUNCTIONS IN HYPERBARIC AIR

The effects of hyperbaric air on manual dexterity and arithmetic calculation capacity were studied in 15 subjects at ambient pressures of 4, 7, 10, and 13 ata at rest, and at 4, 7, and 10 ata during exercise (300 kpm/min). A significant reduction of the performance in both tests was observed at 10 and 13 ata at rest. During exercise in manual dexterity the reduction was significant at 4, 7 and 10 ata and in arithmetic calculation capacity at 7 and 10 ata. At 13 ata (at rest) a number of marked behavioural symptoms were observed, including changes in mood, impairment of consciousness, disturbance of perception, and deterioration of motor functions. These changes were readily reversible as soon as the pressure was lowered.     

定量运动负荷后间隔不同时间的肘关节动觉方位准确性

该研究以过去研究中发现的定量运动负荷可以显著提高肘关节动觉方位准确性为基础,试图讨论这种定量运动负荷后间隔不同时间的肘关节动觉方位准确性。