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Writing in the seventeenth century, Mary Astell offers some splendid models of what it can mean to include women in determining the purposes of politics, in marking the boundaries of issues on the political agenda, and in analyzing particular political concepts. A contending voice in early modern philosophy, Astell's contributions to political thought are made more visible here by contrast with Thomas Hobbes, with whom she was familiar and somewhat sympathetic.  相似文献   

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This paper demonstrates how Mary Astell's version of Cartesian dualism supports her disavowal of female subordination and traditional gender roles, her rejection of Locke's notion of “thinking matter” as a major premise for rejecting his political philosophy of “social contracts” between men and women, and, finally, her claim that there is no intrinsic difference between genders in terms of ratiocination, the primary assertion that grants her the title of the first female English feminist.  相似文献   

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Before women could become visible as philosophers, they had first to become visible as rational autonomous thinkers. A social and ethical position holding that chastity was the most important virtue for women, and that rationality and chastity were incompatible, was a significant impediment to accepting women's capacity for philosophical thought. Thus one of the first tasks for women was to confront this belief and argue for their rationality in the face of a self‐referential dilemma.  相似文献   

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正义与美德是西方道德哲学的核心观念,从更广的视域看,二者也构成中国传统道德哲学的逻辑基础。质言之,正义与美德各自具有自己相对独立的意义形式和逻辑面向,标示了两种截然不同、有时竟相互抵牾的道德规范模式。近年来,尤其是随着规范伦理学在现代人类社会普遍注重法制建设的社会历史背景之下的迅速发展,有两个问题越来越突出,即规范伦理学由于过度追求自身形式的精密化而逐渐减蚀其合理性内核和基础;再者,美德伦理学因过度诉求善良意志的纯粹性而拒绝随社会实践的发展将自身现实化或曰显像化,从而造成正义与美德体用殊绝,亦即二者结构的严重失衡及其内在逻辑张力的断裂。道德主体行动判断力和价值观的减弱亦可在这一背景下解释。  相似文献   

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While drawing on a limited field of articles and chapters on courage, the editors of The Psychology of Courage: modern research on an ancient virtue have postulated a viable history of the evolution of courage in psychology and chosen a select set of articles which advocate the influence of some of the more modern approaches to psychological thought, while relying only slightly on the historical and alternative views of courage. An alternative view and application of courage presented here examines the impact of courage as a component of a dynamic system. This dynamic systems approach allows for courage to have an interactional impact on the individual regardless of cultural identity or label.  相似文献   

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While deductive validity provides the limiting upper bound for evaluating the strength and quality of inferences, by itself it is an inadequate tool for evaluating arguments, arguing, and argumentation. Similar remarks can be made about rhetorical success and dialectical closure. Then what would count as ideal argumentation? In this paper we introduce the concept of cognitive compathy to point in the direction of one way to answer that question. It is a feature of our argumentation rather than my argument or your argument. In that respect, compathy is like the harmonies achieved by an accomplished choir, the spontaneous coordination of athletic teamwork, or the experience of improvising jazz musicians when they are all in the flow together. It is a characteristic of arguments, not a virtue that can be attributed to individual arguers. It makes argumentation more than just the sum of its individual parts. The concept of cognitive compathy is brought into focus by locating it at the confluence of two lines of thought. First, we work up to the concept of compathy by contrasting it with empathy and sympathy in the context of emotions, which is then transplanted into epistemic, cognitive, and argumentative soil. Second, the concept is analytically linked to ideal argumentation by way of authenticity in communication. In the final section, we explore the extent to which argumentative virtues are conducive to producing compathetic argumentation, but reach the unhappy conclusion that the extra value of compathetic argumentation also transcends the evaluative reach of virtue argumentation theory.  相似文献   

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Robert Orsi has described the persistence of belief in the ‘presence’ of Mary as ‘alternative modernity’. The most popular expressions of Catholic Marian faith are derived from the famous visions at Lourdes and Fatima. This article shows how modern apparition shrines emerged in Germany during times of crisis: the Kulturkampf of Bismarck, the Third Reich, the immediate post-war period. However, despite the continuing popularity of these shrines in Germany, they have not entered pan-European Catholic consciousness. When they emerged, the Marian apparition geography had already been established; thus the Vatican and national hierarchies were unwilling to approve them. However, grassroots faith expressed in pilgrimage has achieved diocesan recognition of the shrines, if not the apparitions, in a Catholic compromise between popular and episcopal articulations of belief in the presence of Mary.  相似文献   

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