LIBERTY,NECESSITY AND CHANCE: HOBBES'S GENERAL THEORY OF EVENTS

Locke characterizes sensitive knowledge as knowledge of the existence of external objects present to the senses, and in terms of an ‘assurance’ that falls short of the certainty of intuition and demonstration. But it is unclear how this fits with his general definition of knowledge, as the perception of the agreement or disagreement of ideas, and it is unclear how that assurance can amount to knowledge, rather than amounting to mere probability (which he contrasts with knowledge). Some contend that Locke does not regard sensitive knowledge as genuine knowledge, but only honourifically calls it knowledge. In contrast, I argue that Locke holds that sensitive knowledge is knowledge, though he takes the conditions for it to be very different from the conditions for intuitive and demonstrative knowledge. It is not the assurance alone which Locke thinks qualifies sensitive knowledge as such: it is also the fact that the assurance arises from the actual employment of the senses upon external objects, and the fact that the senses do not generally deceive us, which he thinks qualifies sensitive knowledge as genuine knowledge. That there is a (tacit) form of externalism in Locke's account of sensitive knowledge is the main thesis of this paper.     

OBJECTIVE INDICATORS OF PERCEPTION

B okander , I. Objective indicators of perception. I. Simple reaction-time. Scand. J. Psychol ., 1962, 3, 192–195.—This paper demonstrates that simple reaction-time, viz. the time interval between the onset of a meaningful picture stimulus and a simple motor response, is dependent upon the nature of the picture in such a way that stimuli selected to produce more involvement give longer reaction-times. Two experiments were performed. In the first, involving and neutral stimuli were centered around the middle of the pictures, while the second pair of pictures differed with respect to peripheral qualities.     

AN OBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF A BEHAVIOR MODELING TRAINING PROGRAM

Past research on the effects of behavior modeling training has rarely focussed on actual changes in job performance. This paper describes a study in which results of a behavior modeling training program for sales representatives were evaluated in relation to effects on the sales performance of the participants. Sales associates selling large appliances, radios, and television sets for a large chain retailer in seven stores in one metropolitan area participated in a behavior modeling training program designed to improve their sales effectiveness. Before and after comparisons were made in their sales records with similar sales associates in seven matched stores who participated in other kinds of sales training during the same period. Sales representatives who received the behavior modeling training increased their sales by an average of 7% during the ensuing six-month period, while their counterparts in the control group stores showed a 3% decrease in average sales. The extra effort entailed in obtaining the needed sales records seemed to be worthwhile in providing convincing evidence of the value of the training.     

A UNIFIED THEORY OF QUOTATION

Abstract: This paper offers a theory of quotation by uniting two apparently disparate extant theories, Recanati's pragmatic theory and Washington's identity theory. Recanati draws a distinction between open and closed quotations, and contends that open quotations do not refer. Washington argues that closed quotations refer to various expression types, not just orthographic and/or phonetic types. By combining these views, this paper proposes a theory, according to which quotations, open or closed, may be tokens of semantico‐physical types (i.e., meaningful expressions), and while those types are mentioned (or referred to) by closed quotations, they are used in open quotations.     

FOUNDATIONS OF A KANTIAN THEORY OF PUNISHMENT

It has recently been argued that there is probably no theory of punishment to be found in Immanuel Kant's writings, but that “if one selects carefully among the many remarks and insights that Kant has left us about crime and punishment, one might even be able to build such an edifice from the bricks provided.”¹ In this paper, I seek to provide part of a foundation of a Kantian theory of punishment, one which is consistent with many, if not all, of Kant's own insights on justice. Finally, I assess the plausibility of Kant's view.     

PREDICTORS OF OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE CAREER SUCCESS: A META-ANALYSIS

Using the contest- and sponsored-mobility perspectives as theoretical guides, this meta-analysis reviewed 4 categories of predictors of objective and subjective career success: human capital, organizational sponsorship, sociodemographic status, and stable individual differences. Salary level and promotion served as dependent measures of objective career success, and subjective career success was represented by career satisfaction. Results demonstrated that both objective and subjective career success were related to a wide range of predictors. As a group, human capital and sociodemographic predictors generally displayed stronger relationships with objective career success, and organizational sponsorship and stable individual differences were generally more strongly related to subjective career success. Gender and time (date of the study) moderated several of the relationships examined.