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1.
Andrew Hall Norman Clark Rasheed Sulaiman M. V. K. Sivamohan B. Yoganand 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》2000,13(1):70-91
This article argues that the goals of agricultural research in poor countries have changed substantially over the last four
decades. In particular they have broadened from the early (and narrow) emphasis on food production to a much wider agenda
that includes poverty alleviation, environmental degradation, and social inclusion. Conversely, agricultural research systems
have proved remarkably resistant to the concomitant need for changes in research focus. As a result many, at both the national
and international level, are under great strain. In terms of public policy the article goes on to suggest that shortcomings
of existing conceptual approaches to technology development could be supplemented by adopting analytical principles that view
innovation in systemic terms. An approach where flows of knowledge between institutional nodes is a key to innovative performance
(the “National Systems of Innovation” approach) is suggested as one such conceptual framework that might help supplement conventional
policy analysis.
An earlier version of this paper was presented at a workshop “New Policy Agendas for Agricultural Research: Implications for
Institutional Arrangements” held on 28 March 2000 at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics
(ICRISAT), Patancheru, India. The workshop was supported by the UK Department of International Development (DFID) Crop Post-Harvest
Programme as an output of the project “Optimising Institutional Arrangements.” 相似文献
2.
Knowledge systems theory, in our view, tends to obscure rather than illuminate an understanding of the fundamentals of knowledge
processes in society. This tendency occurs primarily because both the theory, and the methodologies that are derived from
it, fail to recognize that knowledge processes are social processes, and thereby that knowledge itself has to be envisaged
as a social construction. As a result of this omission, knowledge systems theory and methodology can only deal poorly with
issues of power and social conflict, and, at the same time, tend to make use of several inappropriate teleological and reifying
notions. According to our view, the understanding of knowledge processes will benefit greatly from a more actor-oriented perspective.
In such an approach, emphasis is accorded to human agency and the concept of multiple knowledge networks. Central purposes
of actor-oriented methodologies then, are to clarify how actors attempt to create space for their own ‘projects’ and to determine
which elements contribute to or impede the successful creation of such space for maneuver.
Norman Long is a member of the Department of Rural Sociology of the Tropics and Subtropics at Wageningen Agricultural University,
P.O. Box 8130, 6700 EW, Wageningen, The Netherlands. He is known for his work in the sociology of rural development.
Magdalena Villarreal recently acquired her M.S. in “Management of Agricultural Knowledge Systems” at Wageningen Agricultural
University. She is presently working on a Ph.D. proposal on issues of power, gender, and intervention. 相似文献
3.
Aaron Rizzieri 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2011,70(3):217-229
It is commonly held that epistemic standards for S’s knowledge that p are affected by practical considerations, such as what is at stake in decisions that are guided by that p. I defend a particular view as to why this is, that is referred to as “pragmatic encroachment.” I then discuss a “new argument
against miracles” that uses stakes considerations in order to explore the conditions under which stakes affect the level of
epistemic support that is required for knowledge. Finally, I generalize my results to include other religiously significant
propositions such as “God exists” and “God does not exist.” 相似文献
4.
David Kaimowitz 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1990,3(3):36-43
Knowledge Information Systems (KIS) institutions must receive strong and focused external pressure to function synergetically
over sustained periods. This external pressure should be exercised by other elements in the system. Without such pressure,
institutions and personnel act to fulfill their own social and political needs more than those of their clients, and their
effectiveness is inevitably reduced. This article is concerned with the “moving forces” that instill public agricultural knowledge
systems with particular dynamics. The article's objectives are to predict under what circumstances external pressures will
occur and their likely outcomes, and to advise KIS managers on how they can be managed. The first section reviews the evolution
of the concept of external pressure as a moving force in the dynamics of technology systems. The next four sections examine
the roles of policy makers, foreign agencies, farmers, and the private sector, respectively, in pressuring KIS institutions.
The sixth section explores how institutions behave without external pressure. A final section looks at what all this implies
for KIS managers' “room to maneuver.”
David Kaimowitz can be reached at ISNAR, P.O. Box 93375, 2509 AJ, The Hague, The Netherlands. His interests include agricultural
research and technology transfer. 相似文献
5.
Conley SN 《Science and engineering ethics》2011,17(4):715-721
This commentary builds on Haico te Kulve and Arie Rip’s (2011) notion of “engagement agents,” individuals that must be able to move between multiple dimensions, or “levels” of research,
innovation, and policy processes. The commentary compares and contrasts the role of the engagement agent within the Constructive
Technology Assessment and integration approaches, and suggests that on-site integration research represents one way to transform
both social and natural scientists into competent and informed “engagement agents,” a new generation of researchers that possess
the knowledge and capacities to forge “novel linkages” between the oftentimes disparate terrains of science, politics, and
policy. 相似文献
6.
This article reports the main results of an empirical research project on the utilization of social sciences in the field
of labor market and educational policy in West Germany since the 1960s. The research interest focused upon utilization of
social science knowledge in public discourse paralleling policy decisions. The analysis shows that the social sciences are
used extensively for labeling social problems. The use made of social science knowledge can be described as a certain combination
of instrumental and conceptual utilization. In the concluding section of the article, the innovation problem of social science
utilization is considered.
Dr. Matthias Wingens is senior research associate with the Sociological Research Center “Social Problems” at the University
of Bremen. His main research interests include the utilization of social science knowledge, the sociology of knowledge, and
educational research.
Dr. Ansgar Weymann is chair of the Department of Sociology and head of the Sociological Research Center “Social Problems”
at the University of Bremen. His main research interests include sociological theory, utilization of social research, research
on education, labor market, and employment, and research on socialization and life-course. 相似文献
7.
The foundations of modern society—communications, power, transportation, banking, water supply, and public institutions—depend
on interconnected computer systems to operate properly. Hostile groups threaten this “National Infrastructure” by exploiting
the strengths and weaknesses intrinsic in its architecture. Activists who utilize networked forms of organization, doctrine,
and strategy to protect civil liberties and spread democratic values in cyberspace present an invaluable resource in securing
these systems. These “hacktivists,” however, must be provided with the appropriate incentives and protections to encourage
coordination with government actors. Facilitating this alliance will require an understanding of the relationships between
technology, law, and policy in a democratic, networked society.
Mark G. Milone is Associate General Counsel at the New York Mercantile Exchange where he advises on matters relating to technology,
intellectual property, electronic commerce, telecommunications, and privacy. Since graduating from Hofstra Law School in 1998,
Mark has founded an online business 〈www.virtulaw.com〉, taught “Computers and the Law” at Long Island University, worked in-house
with a leading multimedia design agency, and was an associate at Klein, Zelman, Rothermel & Dichter, L.L.P. This article was
first published in the American Bar Association’s The Business Lawyer. 相似文献
8.
Heidi E. Grasswick 《Synthese》2010,177(3):387-409
Feminist philosophers of science have been prominent amongst social epistemologists who draw attention to communal aspects
of knowing. As part of this work, I focus on the need to examine the relations between scientific communities and lay communities,
particularly marginalized communities, for understanding the epistemic merit of scientific practices. I draw on Naomi Scheman’s
argument (2001) that science earns epistemic merit by rationally grounding trust across social locations. Following this view, more turns out to be relevant to epistemic assessment than simply following
the standards of “normal science”. On such an account, philosophers of science need to attend to the relations between scientific
communities and various lay communities, especially marginalized communities, to understand how scientific practices can rationally
ground trust and thus earn their status as “good ways of knowing”. Trust turns out to involve a wide set of expectations on
behalf of lay communities. In this paper I focus on expectations of knowledge sharing, using examples of “knowledge-sharing
whistleblowers” to illustrate how failures in knowledge sharing with lay communities can erode epistemic trust in scientific
communities, particularly in the case of marginalized communities. 相似文献
9.
K. Blokker S. Bruin J. Bryden I. Houseman C. Okkerse C. Van der Meer A. P. Verkaik 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1990,3(3):76-83
In this article the perspective shifts to the “upstream” end of the agricultural knowledge and information system (AKIS).
Because knowledge policy and strategic decision-making are not the prerogative of the public sector, organizations such as
cooperative unions and multinational companies are included. After considering the influence of the changing environment on
the nature of the AKIS, the role of knowledge management and policy in the emerging knowledge and information market is examined.
Special attention is given to public and private R&D. The article then looks where information technology (IT) fits in and
what considerations determine strategic investment in IT projects and sustained services. Some of the European experiences
with this strategic investment are evaluated. 相似文献
10.
William N. Dunn 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1991,4(4):36-55
Conclusion Policy analysis is a specialized intellectual activity that affects and is affected by the exercise of power, rule, and authority
in knowledge systems. The organized complexity of this system, formed by the interpenetration of tangled knowledge functions
which appear as a river delta, raises doubts about the appropriateness of policy impact as a standard of accountability for
policy analysts. The typical practice of “random medition” may be replaced with forms of “systematic mediation” which, directed
towards the investigation of rival hypotheses about the policy impact of policy analysis, enlarges the scope of usable ignorance.
The strategy of usable ignorance, supplemented by recommendations in areas of agenda setting, managing pragmatic validity,
and methodology development, is a way to begin dealing with the organized complexity of the knowledge system in which policy
analysts work today.
Reprinted with permission from Dunn, W.N., & Kelly, R.M. (Eds.) (in press). Advances in policy studies since 1950: Vol. 10.
Policy studies review annual. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers. 相似文献
11.
Thomas Heyd 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1995,8(1):63-73
Recently indigenous knowledge has received increasing academic (see, e.g., Warren et al., 1993; Brokensha et al., 1980; Gómez-Pompa
and Kaus, 1992) and institutional (see World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987;Agenda 21, 1992) attention. The study, application, and recording of indigenous knowledge, viewed as indigenous technologies for living
with natural environments, has become a field of great interest and promise to nonindigenous and indigenous people; the ways
in which the present interest is expressed, however, could also become a source of disappointment for the latter. I begin
by considering the meaning of the expression “indigenous knowledge.” Next, I examine whether indigenous knowledge is fundamentally
different from scientific knowledge. Finally I discuss the potential for emancipation, but also for alienation, resulting
from the current ways of focussing on indigenous knowledge.
He has published on the conception “sustainable development,” on technological rationality andAgenda 21, and on the significance of aboriginal boulder structures, as well as on issues in the history of modern philosophy and philosophy
of art. He is the Chair of the Canadian Society for the Study of European Ideas for which he is coordinating workshops on
“Ideas of Nature and Land” and “Constructed Space” at its June 1995 Conference in Montreal. 相似文献
12.
Studying knowledge utilization and related processes calls for a conceptual framework. We look at the actors that engage in these processes in a specific field of human activity, and the interfaces and linkages between them, as a Knowledge and Information System (KIS). Although this KIS perspective originates from agriculture it also can be applied to other knowledge domains. Evidence gathered shows that for a KIS to be effective the actors (e.g., researchers, extensionalists, and clients) must act synergically. This inspired us to look for basic KIS principles that indicate opportunities for intervention. This article provides a brief state-of-the-art overview, presents some insights gained to date; and states the main issues for the use of information technology in knowledge management. 相似文献
13.
Noriko Ando Yumi Iwamitsu Kazuhisa Takemura Yukiko Saito Fumio Takada 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(6):567-577
Our objectives were to investigate: (1) relationships between perceptions of various terms regarding mutation and the depth
of knowledge regarding mutation among family members of patients receiving genetic outpatient services, and (2) differences
in perceptions of the term “gene mutation” for family members versus university students. Fifty-eight family members and 178
university students responded to two questionnaires: Impressions regarding the term, and Knowledge about the concept of mutation. Factor analyses were conducted to determine the factor structure of ratings of the terms, and two-way analyses of variance
[(1)Term, (2)Group × Knowledge] were conducted to examine differences in perceptions of the terms as measured by scores for
each extracted factor. Family members had a significantly more negative perception of the term “gene mutation” than “gene
change” and a less negative perception of the term “gene mutation” than “gene lesion”; they had significantly more negative
perceptions of the term “gene mutation” than did university students. 相似文献
14.
Patricia Hanna 《Philosophia》2010,38(2):343-355
In “Practical Knowledge of Language”, C.-h. Tsai criticizes the arguments in “Swimming and Speaking Spanish” (this issue,
pp. 331–341), on the grounds that its account of knowledge of language as knowledge-how is mistaken. In its place, he proposes
an alternative account in terms of Russell’s concept “knowledge-by-acquaintance”. In this paper, I show that this account
succeeds neither in displacing the account in Swimming and Speaking Spanish nor in addressing Tsai’s main concern: solving
the “delivery problem”. 相似文献
15.
Based on results of an experiment, hypotheses are tested concerning the effects of computer use on decision commitment. The
experiment required subjects to make an adoption decision regarding a hypothetical government agency's innovation. Subjects
could choose from a variety of information sets, some computer based, some not, before making the decision. After their decision
the subjects were given “new evidence” that contradicted their initial position. Two experimental treatments included more
difficult access to the computer-based information and higher cost for the computer-based information. Results indicate that
access difficulty diminishes confidence in decisions and leads to lesser commitment. However, the cost of the computer information
seems to have little bearing on decision commitment.
Barry Bozeman is director of the Technology and Information Policy Program of the Maxwell School of Public Affairs, Syracuse
University, Syracuse NY 13244-4010. There he is professor of public policy and administration and affiliate professor of engineering.
His research has focused on organization theory and public management, science and technology policy, and the use of technical
information in decision-making.
R.F. Shangraw, Jr. is vice president of Independent Project Analysis, Inc., Great Falls, Virginia. Previously, he was assistant
professor of public administration at Syracuse University. His research interests include information management, decision-making,
and public policy applications of expert systems. 相似文献
16.
Celeste P. M. Wilderom 《Knowledge, Technology, and Policy》1988,1(3):57-68
In our rapidly changing environment, both profit and non-profit organizations confront an increasing demand for technological,
economic, and social innovation. In response to this demand, organizations are taking on the role of “change agents” by transforming
existing practices into innovative action. Libraries, as centers that accumulate and disperse knowledge, can support these
organizations in their “change agent” roles. This paper delineates the way public libraries can help organizations meet the
increasing need for external information associated with innovation. Policy issues concerned with efficient information transfer
to user organizationss are specified, and two concrete examples of information transfer systems are described. In order to
best utilize existing knowledge,personal-professional assistance in selecting potentially innovative,impersonal written materials is recommended.
Dr. Celeste P. M. Wilderom is an assistant professor at the School of Economics of the Free University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
and a research associate in organization behavior at the School of Management, S.U.N.Y., Buffalo. NY 14260. Her Ph.D. is in
organizational psychology from S.U.N.Y., Buffalo, Where she taught in the Schools of Management and Social Work. Dr. Wilderom's
research interests are behaviors in service and nonprofit organizations, problems of cross-cultural managemet and educational
issues in the social sciences. 相似文献
17.
The present research is motivated by an interest in why organizational decision makers so often respond to accidents with remedy plans that focus narrowly on correcting human error rather than more environment-focused plans or more encompassing plans. We investigated the role of counterfactual thinking in the decision-making tendency toward human-focused plans. Our experiments indicated that even in a domain where human-focused remedies were not otherwise appealing, many participants decided on human-focused remedies after they had generated an “if only” conjecture about the accident. This reflects that human actions are often selected as the focus of “if only” conjectures and, importantly, that this focus “locks in” and carries through to subsequent remedy decisions. Our hypothesis that remedy plans are produced from “if only” thoughts was supported over several alternative interpretations. We discuss implications for research on the relation between counterfactual thinking and adaptive learning. 相似文献
18.
Many have claimed that education of the ethical issues raised by biotechnology is essential in universities, but there is
little knowledge of its effectiveness. The focus of this paper is to investigate how university students assess the information
given in class to make their own value judgments and decisions relating to issues of agricultural biotechnology, especially
over genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Analysis of homework reports related with agricultural biotechnology after identification
of key concepts and ideas in each student report is presented. The ideas were sorted into different categories. The ideas
were compared with those in the reading materials using the same categories. These categories included: concern about affects
on humans, affects on the environment, developing countries and starvation, trust in industry, responsibility of scientists,
risk perception, media influence, need for (international) organizations or third parties, and information dissemination.
What was consistent through the different years was that more than half of the students took a “neutral” position. A report
was scored as “neutral” when the report included both the positive and negative side of an issue, or when the student could
not make a definite decision about the use of GMOs and GM food. While it may be more difficult to defend a strong “for” or
“against” position, some students used logical arguments successfully in doing so. Sample comments are presented to depict
how Japanese students see agricultural technology, and how they value its application, with comparisons to the general social
attitudes towards biotechnology. 相似文献
19.
As a field of study, “research utilization” (RU) has addressed the gap between research and practice for some 80 years, providing
conceptual scaffoldings, empirical findings, and periodic syntheses. The core problem, however, is that many social and educational
dilemmas are there in the first place not because of absence of knowledge, but because of conflicting interests. As a result,
the “soft technology” developed by RU specialists has had an uneven impact. At the same time, the paradigms of the RU field
itself are undergoing change, with a greater appreciation of practitioner-generated research, the ascent of postmodernism
and the tenets of critical theory. The articles in this special issue cover this territory, with concerns ranging from the
epistemological level to new arrangements for exchanging research findings between social scientists and professionals.
Michael Huberman has been Visiting Professor of Education at Harvard University since 1991, where he teachers research methodologies
and conducts research on knowledge dissemination. He is also Senior Research Associate at the Network, Inc.
Miriam Ben-Peretz was born in Germany and educated at the Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Professor Ben-Peretz served as chair
of the Department of Teacher Education from 1978 to 1985, and as Dean of the School of Education of the University of Haifa
from 1988 to 1993. She has been appointed president of the Academic College at Tel Hai, Israel. She has published widely,
including numerous books, chapters in books, as well as many articles published in scholarly journals. Among her books is
“The Teacher Curriculum Encounter” (SUNY Press, 1990). 相似文献
20.
In this article we will describe the emergence of a great number of small, regionally concentrated, innovative biotech companies.
We see these organizations as “hosts” of concepts and ideas, greatly influencing their spreading over the sector. We have
chosen an evolutionary perspective following individual companies in their struggle for survival, describing it as “obtaining
food” and “fooling predators.” This struggle gives insight in the behavior of the biotech companies and related institutions
as a “system of innovation.” One of our findings is that the variety of biotech companies is conditioned by their selection
environment, but that this selection environment allows great variety and even encourage variety by keeping the companies
small.
Haiko Van der Voort is a research associate who lectures and publishes in a wide range of issues including precess management
and system innovations.
Martin De Jong is associate professor of public management. 相似文献