检测时与智力关系的研究述评

检测时是信息加工速度的重要指标,它与一般智力测验分数之间存在着稳定的相关,两者之间的相关常被解释为智力个体差异的认知或生理学的基础。文章介绍了检测时与智商之间的相关研究。讨论了研究者对检测时和智力之间相关本质的几种理论解释。同时,总结了从生物学和发展的角度对检测时与智力之间相关的本质理解的研究。在此基础上,文章分了检测时与智力之间关系研究中存在的问题和未来的研究方向     

从多元智力理论视野探析情绪智力

1 多元智力理论视野对智力理论的重新审视1.1 传统智力理论无法驾驭智力测验自从1905年法国心理学家Binet和Simon等人制定出世界上第一个智力测验量表以来,语言、数学、空间推理能力被认为是决定一个人智力高低的标准。一些著名的智力测验得益于量表编制方法的进步,从传统的因素分析到最新的结构建模,方法日益精致。但智力测验的表面繁荣,不能掩     

Flynn效应：问题与启示

Flynn效应表明,自智力测验发端以来,智力测验的平均成绩在不断增加,这一现象成为智力研究领域中一个悬而未决的问题留等人们阐释。本就一些研究对Flynn效应的解释进行了回顾,考察了Flynn效应所涉及的智力本质观、智力与环境及化的关系、智力研究方法等方面的问题,并提出了对智力的一些看法。     

PASS理论近期研究进展

1　引言智力是心理科学研究领域中的重要概念。 2 0世纪 6 0年代前 ,因素分析是心理学家建构智力结构的主要方法 ,自 2 0世纪 80年代初 ,随着计算机技术的发展以及认知心理学的兴起 ,智力研究者开始从信息加工的角度来理解智力 ,智力研究的焦点也逐渐转移到智力内部活动过程的探索上。 2 0世纪 80年代后期 ,智力理论呈现出因素分析与认知加工相互融合的发展趋势 ,但传统智力理论与智力测验依然存在以下问题 :首先 ,限于传统智力理论对智力的界定 ,智力测验无法直接测量个体习得知识快慢的能力。其次 ,大脑两半球的功能在传统智力测验中未予…     

略论智力测验发展的现状与趋势

智力是心理学的重要研究领域之一,智力测验的发展也有近百年的历史。受智力理论和测验理论发展的影响,当代智力测验的发展呈现出一些新特点和新趋向。     

西方智力测验的现状与趋势

随着认知科学与脑科学的深入研究,以及各种测量分析技术的不断发展和新理论的不断提出,西方最近十几年出现了许多新的智力测验,而经典的一些测验,如韦克斯勒智力量表等,在结构和内容上也都有了较多的变化与更新。１智力测验内容的发展从智力测验应该测什么这一角度,可将现有的智力测验分为三大类：基于心理测量学的智力测验,基于神经心理学的智力测验,以及基于智力系统观的智力测验。１．１基于心理测量学理论的智力测验这类智力测验的理论主要建立在因素分析的基础上,通过对不同认知任务进行因素分析,从而划分出不同的智力因素．…     

思维策略作为智力水平诊断指标的有效性研究

本研究以小学三、四年级学生为被试,分别对他们进行三种层次策略使用能力的测量和智力测验,以考察策略使用能力和智力作业成绩(包括智力测验成绩和学业成绩)之间的相互关系,从而探讨策略与智力的关系,论证思维策略作为智力水平诊断指标的有效性。所得结果与理论假设基本相符。     

当代智力研究的基本状况与发展趋向

本世纪８０年代以来,智力心理学的研究又重趋繁荣。本文总结了当前对传统的智力本质,智力研究方法,智力测验理论的质疑;介绍了以信息加工理论为代表的体现当代学术思想与技术观点的新的智力研究模式;然后,对智力心理学研究的未来走向作出了展望。     

儿童的检测时与智力

采用三种视觉检测时任务,考察了儿童的检测时的特点以及儿童的检测时与智力之间的关系。结果发现：随着年龄的增长,儿童的检测时有逐步减小的趋势;儿童的检测时依赖于加工任务的类型。儿童的检测时与智力测验分数之间具有中等程度的负相关,并且两者之间的相关程度受加工任务和年龄因素的影响;与检测时快的儿童组相比,检测时慢组的检测时能够更好预测其智力测验分数。     

两种情绪智力理论结构的理论导向功能

以655名被试为样本,对梅耶-沙洛维-库索情绪智力测验(MSCEIT V2.0)进行探索性因素分析,提取其测量的实证理论结构并与Mayer等人1997年情绪智力理论结构进行比较,揭示两种理论结构的导向功能.研究结果表明:MSCEIT V2.0中存在一个与1997年情绪智力理论结构迥异的实证理论结构,此理论结构不仅同类研究结果相对稳定,而且在结构严谨性、层次合理性、实证科学性和变量有效性等方面均优于1997年情绪智力理论结构,对情绪智力理论今后的发展具有明显的理论导向功能.     

The comparability of intelligence test results: Group- and individual-level comparisons of seven intelligence tests

A significant body of research has demonstrated that IQs obtained from different intelligence tests substantially correlate at the group level. Yet, there is minimal research investigating whether different intelligence tests yield comparable results for individuals. Examining this issue is paramount given that high-stakes decisions are based on individual test results. Consequently, we investigated whether seven current and widely used intelligence tests yielded comparable results for individuals between the ages of 4–20 years. Results mostly indicated substantial correlations between tests, although several significant mean differences at the group level were identified. Results associated with individual-level comparability indicated that the interpretation of exact IQ scores cannot be empirically supported, as the 95% confidence intervals could not be reliably replicated with different intelligence tests. Similar patterns also appeared for the individual-level comparability of nonverbal and verbal intelligence factor scores. Furthermore, the nominal level of intelligence systematically predicted IQ differences between tests, with above- and below-average IQ scores associated with larger differences as compared to average IQ scores. Analyses based on continuous data confirmed that differences appeared to increase toward the above-average IQ score range. These findings are critical as these are the ranges in which diagnostic questions most often arise in practice. Implications for test interpretation and test construction are discussed.     

EMERGENCE FROM PHYSICS TO THEOLOGY: TOWARD A PANORAMIC VIEW

Abstract. At its best, the emergence debate provides a helpful model of what religion‐science scholarship can and should involve. (At its worst it represents the faddishness and bandwagon effects to which our field is also prone.) Those involved in the debate must pay close attention to concrete theories and results in the natural sciences. They rely on the careful conceptual distinctions that philosophers of science draw concerning complexity, novelty, and organization. The resulting views about human mentality and consciousness are tested against these results and checked for their adequacy to the phenomena of human experience. Emergentist theories of nature and personhood have entailments for one's theory of religion and for theological reflection; conversely, theological accounts may constrain one's interpretation of emergent phenomena. In my response to the four symposiasts I draw out these deeper dimensions of the emergence debate.     

The effects of repeated retesting: III. further experiments and general conclusions

This is the third of a series of papers dealing with the effects of repeated retesting on intelligence test scores. It comprises an account of two further experiments, and a discussion of the four so far performed, since each throws light on the results of the others and it is their joint interpretation which is thought to be of value.

The two earlier experiments consisted in repeated testing of a group of W.E.A. students and a group of mentally defective boys by an intelligence test (AH 4) designed for an unselected population. In the two later experiments, a group of Technical College students and a group of Naval Ratings were repeatedly tested on another intelligence test (AH 5), designed for a population of high-grade intelligence, such as university students. Examination of all the results confirms the artificiality of the “ceiling effect” which was suspected in the first experiment; it suggests that, given sufficient scope, subjects of all levels of intelligence would, with repeated trials on the same test, continue to improve their score up to and beyond 10 testing; and that, given comparable opportunity, subjects with initially higher scores will tend to improve more than those with initially lower scores. All these results concern short-term experiments with testing at weekly intervals.

The four sets of results considered jointly indicate that conclusions on these problems should be drawn only in terms of the relation between the level of the test and that of the group tested: this offers some resolution of the conflicting findings of earlier investigators.     

大学生元认知特点与非智力因素关系的研究

研究考察大学生元认知各成份特点与学生学习动机、坚持性、学习方法等非智力因素之间的相互关系。研究表明学生元认知各成份之间的发展并不均衡,元认知的监控能力较薄弱。在元认知整体水平上存在性别差异。元认知的发展水平与非智力因素之间存在着正相关。     

The role of attention in the relationship between inspection time and IQ in children.

This study investigated the possibility that the widely reported relationship between IQ and Inspection Time (IT) in children (e.g. Nettlebeck & Young, 1990) may derive from the involvement of various aspects of attention in both IT and psychometric ability tasks. Forty-nine participants, aged approximately 8–11 years, were given a battery of tests designed to measure different aspects of attention, the Colored Progressive Matrices (CPM) intelligence test and a visual IT test. Analysis using multiple regression indicated that, although attention predicted CPM score, IT was still a significant predictor of CPM score after age and the attention measures had been partialled out, indicating that IT scores account for a unique proportion of the variance in CPM scores. Age and IT were significantly (negatively) correlated. This correlation became non-significant once the attention measures had been removed. These results are discussed in relation to previous studies. After a consideration of a number of methodological criticisms, suggestions for further research are outlined.     

Item-response theory modeling of IQ gains (the Flynn effect) on crystallized intelligence: Rodgers' hypothesis yes,Brand's hypothesis perhaps

Potential explanations for generational intelligence test score gains continue to be subject to intense debate and scrutiny in the scientific community. However, the explanatory value of some of the proposed causes remains difficult to determine, since only little empirical evidence is available. To clarify the role of two scarcely investigated theories accounting for the Flynn effect, this study set out to examine the role of changing test-taking behavior (Brand's hypothesis) and of a narrowing of the IQ ability distribution (Rodgers' hypothesis). Archival records of crystallized intelligence test performance over a time-span of 17 years of a large number of psychiatric inpatients and outpatients in Austria were investigated (N = 5445; 1978–94). This sample was particularly suitable to investigate our hypotheses since participants were under no pressure to perform which makes observed changes in test taking behavior attributable to personal style and ability rather than differential performance in pressure situations. Analytical approaches of both classical test theory and item response theory (IRT) yielded gains of 1.0 to 2.4 IQ points per decade. Test-taking behavior indicative of guessing and decreasing population IQ variability appeared to contribute both to IQ test score gains. IRT-based analyses showed that gains were largely preserved when controlling for highest educational qualification, while the test instrument showed measurement invariance between cohorts. However, IRT-based results also suggested that changes in test-taking behavior might not necessarily reflect increased guessing, but item drift instead. In all, this evidence emphasizes better performance of individuals of the lower tail of the IQ ability distribution in more recent years as one important contributing factor for generational IQ test score gains.     

CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: INDIVIDUAL-LEVEL VS. CULTURE-LEVEL ANALYSIS

Two approaches to the interpretation of and theorizing about cross-cultural differences are identified. In the individual-level approach, cultural differences are assumed to be consistent with individual differences within each of the cultures included in the cross-cultural comparison. The use of antecedent variables to eliminate alternative explanations based on biases is reviewed and some problems noted. It is suggested that explicit theories be used to guide the selection of antecedent variables to minimize the impact of cultural biases. In the second approach, the culture-level approach, culture is the unit of analysis and there is no assumption regarding the correspondence between culture- and individual-level relationships. Two examples are given to illustrate the potential usefulness of this approach to developing concepts and theories that are very different from those derived from the individual-level approach. The problems of bias in this level of analysis are also discussed. Finally, it is argued that in cross-cultural psychology the individual-level approach dominates, but we should pay more attention to culture-level research. This approach may lead to the development of concepts and theories that are not likely to be produced by mono-cultural works.     

Reaction time, intelligence, and attention

The roles of attention in reaction time and in the relationships among reaction time, intelligence, and achievement were analyzed. The subjects were 105 seventh-grade children. The results were generally consistent with most studies involving the Hick paradigm: both mean reaction time and the standard deviation of reaction time correlated with the intelligence and achievement measures used. Reaction time measures were correlated with attention and perceptual speed as well as with general intelligence, or g. Implications of these results for current theories linking reaction time and intelligence are discussed.     

个体差异对工作记忆训练迁移效果的调节

本研究考察了流体智力基线水平对工作记忆训练迁移效果的影响。采用前后测设计,以视觉和听觉双任务n-back作为工作记忆训练任务,对训练组进行为期一个月的训练;积极对照组采用阅读任务进行训练。结果发现积极控制组的流体智力水平在基线与后测之间无显著变化;而训练组流体智力水平在后测时与基线相比有显著提高,且工作记忆训练提升量越大的个体其流体智力改善越大。说明认知训练有效迁移到了流体智力水平的改善上。我们还发现流体智力基线水平调节了工作记忆训练对流体智力水平的迁移,即工作记忆训练提升量越大,流体智力改善值越大,对于那些流体智力基线水平较高的人来说,工作记忆训练对流体智力改善的效果更大。流体智力基线水平、工作记忆训练提升量及两者的乘积共同影响了流体智力改善值。这一结果表明个体差异如流体智力基线水平可以调节工作记忆训练对流体智力水平的迁移。     

"EQ"在医学科研工作中的重要性

结合医学工作实际,讨论EQ(情商)的意义,医学工作者在开展科研工作过程中,能否做出成绩,能否成功均与其EQ之高低有密切关系,可以说情绪智商与情绪能力是制约医学工作者工作业绩的重要因素之一.基于上述认识,提醒医学工作者,在具备天生的IQ(智商)后,要注意对自己的EQ多加培养,以便在医学科研工作中能做出更大成绩.