Rigid Designation and Anaphoric Theories of Reference

Few philosophers today doubt the importance of some notion of rigid designation, as suggested by Kripke and Putnam for names and natural kind terms. At the very least, most of us want our theories to be compatible with the most plausible elements of that account. Anaphoric theories of reference have gained some attention lately, but little attention has been given to how they square with rigid designation. Although the differences between anaphoric theories and many interpretations of the New Theory of reference are substantial, I argue that rigid designation and anaphoric theories can be reconciled with one another and in fact complement one another in important ways.     

从严格指示词看同一的必然性

一同一陈述是必然的 作为一种特殊的模态种类的命题,同一陈述指的是,任何命题,其中的事物a和事物b同一,这里a和b可以是任何事物.某些同一陈述是事实上真的,某些是事实上假的,某些则是明显地必然真的.     

Informative Aboutness

Pretheoretically, (B) ‘all believers are immortal’ is about all believers, but (1) B is not about any unbeliever. Similarly, (M) ‘all mortals are unbelievers’ is not about any immortal, but (2) M is about all mortals. But B and M are logically equivalent universal generalizations, so arguably they are about exactly the same objects; by (2), they are about those mortals who are unbelievers, contradicting (1). If one responds by giving up (1), is there still a sense in which B treats unbelievers differently from believers? I argue that there is. B is uninformative about unbelievers but informative about believers, in the following sense: for any object o, the information that B provides only about o—namely, ‘o is a believer only if o is immortal’—is entailed (and thus rendered redundant) by ‘o is an unbeliever’ but not by ‘o is a believer’.     

Actuality and World-Indexed Sentences

Some logical properties of modal languages in which actuality is expressible are investigated. It is argued that, if a sentence like 'Actually, Quine is a distinguished philosopher' is understood as a special case of world-indexed sentences (the index being the actual world), then actuality can be expressed only under strong modal assumptions. Some rival rigid and indexical approaches to actuality are discussed. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

住院用药医嘱点评软件功能的设计

为了提升临床药师点评住院用药医嘱的工作效率,保障住院用药医嘱点评工作的准确性和及时性,从而对住院用药医嘱起到监督和规范的作用.通过研究国内外合理用药软件和处方点评软件的功能,结合国内医疗机构处方点评的工作模式和需求,设计出满足临床合理用药需求的住院医嘱点评软件.经过设计的住院医嘱点评软件的功能主要包括:信息自主维护模块、信息查询模块、住院用药医嘱点评模块、点评结果统计模块、药品使用情况统计模块.经过设计的住院医嘱点评软件的功能更加完善,为临床合理用药提供依据.     

住院用药医嘱点评软件功能的设计

为了提升临床药师点评住院用药医嘱的工作效率,保障住院用药医嘱点评工作的准确性和及时性,从而对住院用药医嘱起到监督和规范的作用.通过研究国内外合理用药软件和处方点评软件的功能,结合国内医疗机构处方点评的工作模式和需求,设计出满足临床合理用药需求的住院医嘱点评软件.经过设计的住院医嘱点评软件的功能主要包括：信息自主维护模块、信息查询模块、住院用药医嘱点评模块、点评结果统计模块、药品使用情况统计模块.经过设计的住院医嘱点评软件的功能更加完善,为临床合理用药提供依据.     

印尼留学生汉语主动句被动句命题表征项目顺序

采用句子-图形验证任务初步探讨了不同汉语水平的印尼留学生理解汉语主动句、被动句所形成的命题表征中的项目顺序特点。结果表明,初级汉语水平印尼留学生理解汉语主动句、被动句后所建构的命题表征中项目顺序均为“受事→施事”;中级汉语水平印尼留学生理解汉语主动句所形成的命题表征项目顺序为“施事→受事”,而其理解汉语被动句所形成的命题表征项目顺序为“受事→施事”。母语主动句、被动句的理解特点影响印尼留学生汉语主动句、被动句命题表征项目顺序;这种影响作用与其汉语水平有一定的关系。     

Practical Moore Sentences*

I discuss what I call practical Moore sentences: sentences like ‘You must close your door, but I don't know whether you will’, which combine an order together with an avowal of agnosticism about whether the order will be obeyed. I show that practical Moore sentences are generally infelicitous. But this infelicity is surprising: it seems like there should be nothing wrong with giving someone an order while acknowledging that you do not know whether it will obeyed. I suggest that this infelicity points to a striking psychological fact, with potentially broad ramifications concerning the structure of norms of speech acts: namely, when giving an order, we must act as if we believe we will be obeyed.     

The Informative Analysis of Individual Trend Curves

Additive and non-additive models for an individual trend curve are examined, and five methods for fitting these to a set of individuals are described. It is suggested that classical fitting methods are more informative than latent curve methods, and commonly preferable. A limited study of the effect of time-structure is reported, and results on the relationship between a non-additive model and the approximating additive model are given.     

Fatal Heyting Algebras and Forcing Persistent Sentences

Hamkins and L?we proved that the modal logic of forcing is S4.2. In this paper, we consider its modal companion, the intermediate logic KC and relate it to the fatal Heyting algebra H _ZFC of forcing persistent sentences. This Heyting algebra is equationally generic for the class of fatal Heyting algebras. Motivated by these results, we further analyse the class of fatal Heyting algebras.     

Identity, the Identity Statuses, and Identity Status Development: A Contemporary Statement

The Utrecht Study of Adolescent Development (Meeus et al., this issue) provides new data pertinent to issues of identity formation addressed in earlier reviews of the literature, specifically, (a) the direction and timing of identity status development, (b) the relative stability of the identity statuses, and (c) gender differences in identity formation. Despite numerous differences from earlier studies in the samples studied, the instruments used, and the methodologies employed, the findings of the Utrecht study are generally quite consistent with theoretical expectations and previous research outcomes. Because of the size and scope of the Utrecht study, data on possible age differences in the frequency of specific patterns of intraindividual identity status change could be analyzed. This aspect of identity formation had not been previously investigated. Equivocal results were obtained. Possible explanations for the partial failure to confirm this aspect of developmental theory are discussed.     

Identity and Creativity

Emerging adulthood is a period for exploration of identity aspects including occupational identity, and creative activity may contribute to or result from this exploration. Grounded in several conceptions of identity, particularly that of Erik Erikson, this research tested the prediction that identity processes predict creativity. In 2 studies (N = 250), university students completed measures of identity (Berzonsky's Identity Styles Inventory; Cheek's Aspects of Identity Questionnaire), plus creative potential (Creative Personality Scale), accomplishments (behavior checklist and open-ended listing), and products (drawings, stories). In keeping with prediction, these findings demonstrated that those who are information-seeking in style and emphasize their personal identity have the greatest potential creativity and evidence the greatest number of creative accomplishments in their young lives, whereas those emphasizing normative or collective identities evidenced fewer accomplishments. These identity variables contributed over and above the effects of gender and verbal ability. Results fit well with past findings in the creativity literature but represent a new direction for identity research and theory.