The joint flanker effect and the joint Simon effect: On the comparability of processes underlying joint compatibility effects

Previous studies observed compatibility effects in different interference paradigms such as the Simon and flanker task even when the task was distributed across two co-actors. In both Simon and flanker tasks, performance is improved in compatible trials relative to incompatible trials if one actor works on the task alone as well as if two co-actors share the task. These findings have been taken to indicate that actors automatically co-represent their co-actor’s task. However, recent research on the joint Simon and joint flanker effect suggests alternative non-social interpretations. To which degree both joint effects are driven by the same underlying processes is the question of the present study, and it was scrutinized by manipulating the visibility of the co-actor. While the joint Simon effect was not affected by the visibility of the co-actor, the joint flanker effect was reduced when participants did not see their co-actors but knew where the co-actors were seated. These findings provide further evidence for a spatial interpretation of the joint Simon effect. In contrast to recent claims, however, we propose a new explanation of the joint flanker effect that attributes the effect to an impairment in the focusing of spatial attention contingent on the visibility of the co-actor.     

从效应量应有的性质看中介效应量的合理性

效应量的作用有两个方面, 一是弥补了统计检验的不足, 二是使得效应有可比性。结合统计显著性和效应量, 才能得出适当的统计结论。效应量应当具有一些基本性质, 包括与测量单位无关、单调性、不受样本容量的影响。国际上流行的中介效应量κ平方就是因为缺乏单调性而引发质疑和研究, 从而被彻底终结了其作为中介效应量的合法性。R平方型中介效应量同样有缺乏单调性的问题。文末讨论了如何报告中介效应量以及有待研究的问题。     

西方心理学对禅定的功效研究

禅定是一种精神训练的方法。近年来,禅定越来越成为西方心理学中的热点课题,尤其是对禅定的功效研究。本文总结了近十年西方心理学对于禅定功效的研究成果。认为西方心理学对于禅定的功效研究,主要集中于对其心理功效、生理功效,以及临床功效的检验。大量的研究表明,禅定是一种有意义的科学现象,而不仅是一种简单的宗教现象。禅定在西方心理学的未来发展中将会占据越来越重要的位置,并成为心理治疗领域的未来发展趋势。     

元刻板印象的效价与效应相回馈吗?

元刻板印象的效价有积极和消极之分, 其效应也存在积极和消极之别。然而, 目前关于元刻板印象效价与效应的关系还存在争议。元刻板印象的威胁效应和促进效应遵从回馈原则, 而阻抗效应和窒息效应不遵从回馈原则。不同效应产生的条件包括元刻板印象检索难度、元刻板印象个体化程度、个体内部资源、印象管理动机以及群体社会地位等。未来研究可在不同元刻板印象效应的适用范围及边界条件, 干预方法, 激活方式的比较等方面进行拓展。     

企业伦理:意涵及其功能

企业伦理从日常伦理衍生而来,但也具有自身的场域逻辑;企业伦理主要涵括企业之于社会系统的责任伦理和企业中“利益相关者”之间的职业伦理;企业伦理的功能渐次演绎为“约束效用”、“工具效用”以及“价值效用”;在一定情境下,企业伦理与其组织功效、经济绩效其实还存在着一种“兼容性”。     

情绪记忆权衡效应:对复杂情绪刺激的记忆

情绪记忆研究最近一致发现了情绪记忆权衡效应,即人们对情绪事件的中心或核心特征的记忆增强,而对情绪事件的周围或背景特征的记忆受损.该效应证明情绪记忆具有选择性,情绪唤醒可以诱发出多种记忆选择性效应,并具有相当强的普遍性和稳定性,同时受较多主、客观因素的影响.相关理论逐步深入地阐述了该效应发生的可能机制,该效应在注意分配、编码以及编码后加工上的行为证据不断积累,但相关神经机制研究十分缺乏.未来研究应重视该效应的神经与遗传机制以及探讨面孔情绪诱发的记忆权衡效应等.     

文化差异的认知影响

文化是人类认知活动的产物,反过来又会影响着认知。在从视知觉、痛觉、时间知觉等基本的感知觉过程到面孔识别、记忆和思维等高级认知过程中,都存在着显著的文化差异。近年来,文化对认知括动的影响作用得到了越来越多的研究,甚至于认知神经科学的研究手段也已经被用于其中,预期文化差异的认知影响作用将会成为一个重要的研究领域。     

热情与能力的关系及其影响因素

社会认知的两个基本维度热情与能力之间存在一种特殊的关系, 它既可能是晕轮效应所认为的正向关系, 也可能是补偿效应和影射效应所认为的负向关系, 还有可能是受多种因素影响的正交关系。热情与能力的关系受到知觉者自身因素、知觉对象的特点、知觉者与知觉对象的关系以及外部环境等多种因素的影响, 而热情与能力关系的内部机制不明确是学者们对其关系产生分歧的根本原因。今后需要进一步探讨热情与能力的内部机制, 进行跨文化的检验和比较研究, 进一步探索其关系的影响因素, 建构热情与能力的关系模型。     

In the Netherlands the anti-Flynn effect is a Jensen effect

In this study, 63 observations of secular IQ changes (both Flynn and anti-Flynn effects) are collected from three demographically diverse studies of the Dutch population for the period 1975–2005 (representing the 1950–1990 birth cohorts), along with data on g loadings and subtest reliabilities. The method of correlated vectors is used to explore the association between Flynn and anti-Flynn effect magnitudes, both independently and together, and the g loadings of subtests. Despite a positive vector correlation the Flynn effects are not associated with the Jensen effect (r = .307, ns, N = 36), however the anti-Flynn effects are (r = .406, P = .05, N = 27). Combined, the vector correlation becomes negative but non-significant (r = −.111, ns, N = 63). Declines due to the anti-Flynn effect are estimated at −4.515 points per decade, whereas gains due to the Flynn effect are estimated at 2.175 points per decade. The N-weighted net of these is a loss of −1.350 points per decade, suggesting an overall tendency towards decreasing IQ in the Netherlands with respect to these cohorts. The Jensen effect on the anti-Flynn effect suggests that it may be related to bio-demographic changes within the Netherlands which have reduced ‘genetic-g’, despite the presence of large, parallel gains on subtests that may be relatively more sensitive to cultural-environmental improvements.     

"米制"的时间层次网络结构研究

本研究通过两个实验来对米制时间顺序标码的层次网络结构的性质进行了探讨。研究结果表明,米制时间顺序标码系统要进行多层分组,由日子组成月份,由月份组成年份,最终形成了一个客观的、精确的层次网络的结构。不同层次的项目之间因加工方式的不同而出现了层次效应或者越界效应,同一层次的项目还在继续进行分组,不同小组之间出现了距离效应;被试对米制的时间信息标码层次网络表征的加工,是采用了“顶层一底层”的方向;对两个刺激项目进行直接比较判断或运算这两种加工的难易是不同的;本研究中没有发现方向效应。     

物体类型与大脑投射位置对运动物体识别中再视效应的影响

本实验以单侧视野投射和似动技术研究再视效应与刺激类别、大脑投射半球的关系。实验采用完全的被试内设计 ,共有 1 6名被试参加了实验。实验结果分析表明 ,图形、英文字母和汉字三种刺激材料的命名反应时之间有显著差异。再视效应在三种刺激类型中均存在且无大小差异 ;由于刺激集较小 ,启动效应值较小 ,但在三种刺激类型之间却差异显著。这一结果证实了再视效应与启动效应在机制上的差异性。再视效应是物体特异性的 ,仅与物体的时空连续性有关 ;启动效应则与物体的具体特征和语意关系有关。由于本实验中采用实验范式的限制 ,大脑半球投射位置对再视效应和启动效应的影响较为复杂 ,在本文的总体讨论中 ,提出了目标刺激加工半球、启动、再视机制对反应时和启动、再视效应大小影响的综合矩阵 ,对实验结果进行了较为满意的解释 ,并进一步证实了再视机制的时空特征。     

Go/No-Go范式中非反应手状态对Simon效应性质的影响

为了探讨非反应手对标准Simon任务改装的go/no-go任务的影响,被试只对其中一种颜色进行按键反应,通过指导语来操控非反应手的状态,结果发现：(1)实验一中当不提醒非反应手如何放置时,不会产生Simon效应;(2) 实验二中要求非反应手放在固定的桌面位置上,产生了视觉运动Simon效应,其随反应时的增大而减小;(3) 实验三中要求非反应手放在固定的非反应键上,却产生了认知Simon效应,其随反应时的增大而增大。这说明非反应手的状态影响Simon效应的产生及其性质。     

红色及图形表征对健康行为的助推作用

本研究旨在通过3个实验从信息凸显的角度探讨红色图形对健康行为的助推作用。实验一和实验二分别采用星号图和直条图，通过操纵图形颜色或装有实验材料的信封颜色，以探讨数量信息表征方式（图形 vs. 数字）及颜色（红色 vs. 蓝色、黑色或白色）对健康风险回避行为的影响。实验三将针对宫颈癌疫苗接种这一健康行为，采用更加形象的人物杆形图进一步考察在不同决策框架下（损失/收益）红色图形能否有效助推个体的健康行为意愿。结果发现，在损失及收益情景下，红色图形均能稳定助推个体的健康行为，但当用信封颜色操纵颜色背景时，红色的影响力会降低。结果支持：红色图形可有效助推个体的健康行为。     

大学生记忆的自我与专业参照效应:专业认同的作用

群体参照效应研究证实社会群体身份及内群体认同对记忆的参照加工具有重要作用。以往研究从大学生的多重社会群体身份角度探讨了内群体记忆加工优势,却忽视了其另一重要群体身份划分标准——专业。本研究结合自我和群体参照范式,设置多个参照条件(自我、专业内群体、专业外群体、语义),从专业身份这一新视角考察大学生记忆的自我与专业参照效应以及专业认同的作用,并对比个体自我与群体自我之间的差异。结果发现:(1)参照自我和专业内群体时的记忆成绩优于参照其他编码条件;(2)相比专业参照,自我参照的记忆效果更佳;(3)专业认同度越高,对专业内群体信息记忆越好。结果提示,大学生的记忆存在自我和专业参照效应,但自我参照效应更强;专业认同是专业参照效应强弱的影响因素之一。     

群体独特性对群际偏差的影响

群体独特性影响群体认同,较高或较低的群体独特性都可能引发群际偏差,分别称为“反射式独特性假说”与“反应式独特性假说”.调节作用研究揭示,在较低群体认同或上位群体分类凸显时,群体独特性越高越易引发群际偏差;而在较高群体认同时,独特性越低越易引发群际偏差.动机作用的研究表明,在具有群际竞争目标时,这两种过程分别受工具性动机与认同性动机的驱动.情绪与认知的中介作用研究显示,在低独特性条件下,社会身份复杂性与焦虑情绪可起中介作用引发群际偏差.     

自我不确定感对程序公正效应的调节作用:回顾与展望

自我不确定感是指个体怀疑“自我”,并且对其看法不稳定而产生的内隐与外显的主观感受及反应.其研究方法主要有自我报告法与情境实验法.自DeCremer和Sedikides首先通过实证研究验证了自我不确定感对程序公正效应的调节作用后,研究者们通过将自我不确定感分解为情绪自我不确定、地位不确定和归属不确定以及探讨程序公正认知机制,不断扩展了此领域的研究成果.未来可以通过自我不确定感调节效应的本土化研究,自我不确定感特质与情境成分交互作用的探讨,自我不确定感与自我肯定、信息不确定感等相关变量的关系研究,进一步深化此领域的研究.     

不同年龄阶段Stroop效应及反转Stroop效应的特点

本实验以中学生和大学生为被试对Stroop效应及反转Stroop效应的年龄特征进行了研究,结果发现:在错误率指标上存在显著的年龄主效应,初中生的错误率显著高于大学生和高中生,高中生和大学生的差异不显著;颜色判断和单字判断任务中,不一致条件的反应时和错误率都显著高于一致条件的反应时和错误率,即两种任务分别产生了Stroop效应和反转的Stroop效应.     

The SNARC effect: an instance of the Simon effect?

Our aim was to investigate the relations between the Spatial-Numerical Association of Response Codes (SNARC) effect and the Simon effect. In Experiment 1 participants were required to make a parity judgment to numbers from 1 to 9 (without 5), by pressing a left or a right key. The numbers were presented to either the left or right side of fixation. Results showed the Simon effect (left-side stimuli were responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand whereas right-side stimuli were responded to faster with the right hand), and the SNARC effect (smaller numbers were responded to faster with the left hand than with the right hand, whereas larger numbers were responded to faster with the right hand). No interaction was found between the Simon and SNARC effects, suggesting that they combine additively. In Experiment 2 the temporal distance between formation of the task-relevant non-spatial stimulus code and the task-irrelevant stimulus spatial code was increased. As in Experiment 1, results showed the presence of the Simon and SNARC effects but no interaction between them. Moreover, we found a regular Simon effect for faster RTs, and a reversed Simon effect for longer RTs. In contrast, the SNARC effect did not vary as a function of RT. Taken together, the results of the two experiments show that the SNARC effect does not simply constitute a variant of the Simon effect. This is considered to be evidence that number representation and space representation rest on different neural (likely parietal) circuits.     

The misinformation effect is unrelated to the DRM effect with and without a DRM warning

The misinformation and Deese–Roediger–McDermott (DRM) paradigms are used to study forms of false memories. Despite the abundance of research using these two paradigms, few studies have examined the relationship between the errors that arise from them. In the present study, 160 participants completed a misinformation task and two DRM tasks, receiving a warning about the effect before the second DRM task. Participants demonstrated misinformation and DRM effects (with and without the warning), but susceptibility to these forms of false memory were not significantly related across individuals. The DRM warning reduced the DRM effect, and signal detection analysis revealed that the DRM warning reduced a liberal response bias in this task. Sensitivity and response bias in both DRM tasks were not significantly related to these measures in the misinformation task. These findings suggest that these two forms of false memories are not interchangeable and they appear to be the result of different cognitive processes.