儿童社会观点采择与分享行为关系的研究

本研究选取幼儿园大班、小学一、二、三年级共240名被试,每个年级各60名,男女各半,考察儿童的社会观点采择能力与分享行为的关系。结果发现:(1)社会观点采择的发展对儿童的分享行为有影响,其中主要是认知观点采择对实际分享行为的影响;(2)儿童分享行为的发展有阶段性;(3)儿童认知观点采择和情感观点采择的发展在幼儿园大班,二者之间存在较显著的差异,到了一、二、三年级二者之间无显著差异。     

本土化人格特征与知识分享行为的关系探讨——自我效能感和社会价值的中介作用

已有研究表明有效的知识分享有利于组织任务的完成,而人的因素是影响知识分享的核心和难点。该研究采用《中国人人格量表》第二版(简称CPAI-2),探讨中国背景下与文化相关的人格特质(人情、面子)如何影响个体知识分享行为(包括知识收集和知识贡献)。研究结果发现:(1)人情和面子可以显著预测知识分享行为,并通过自我效能和社会价值间接的影响知识分享行为;(2)上述中介作用在知识收集和知识贡献两个维度上表现为不一致的特点。研究结果说明,在中国文化的背景下促进知识分享行为,需要考虑人情、面子等传统人格特质;同时,促进组织成员的知识收集行为与知识贡献行为应该使用不同的策略。     

7～11岁儿童分享行为的发展

采用同伴评价、自我评价、教师评价法,考察小学一、三、五年级共128名7—11岁儿童分享行为的发展。结果发现：(1)由教师评价的小学儿童的分享行为在小学一、三年级无显著差异,从三年级到五年级,得分显著下降;学生自我评价的分享行为在一、三年级呈上升趋势,在三、五年级问呈下降趋势;(2)根据教师评价,一年级小学生在游戏分享和物品分享上的得分最高,学习分享次之,心理分享最少;对三、五年级小学生来说,游戏分享与物品分享行为逐渐退居次要位置,而让位给心理分享和学习分享行为;(3)教师对小学生分享行为的评价与学生自我评价之问有0．26的相关;教师评价与同伴提名之间有0．37的相关：而学生自我评价与同伴提名之间无显著的相关。     

小学儿童分享的发展及反馈信息的促进效应

研究以独裁者博弈任务为载体,考查了小学儿童分享行为的发展趋势,并探讨了不同来源的正向反馈信息对于儿童分享行为的促进效应。研究随机选取了小学二、四、六年级的学生共386名,每个年级的三个实验组在自然分享条件后分别接受来自权威、同伴和自我的正向反馈信息,继而完成后续任务。结果表明:(1)在自然分享情况下,六年级儿童的分享数量显著多于二、四年级儿童的分享数量;随着年级升高,儿童从倾向于利己分享逐渐转为以平分为主;(2)来自同伴和权威的正向反馈可以提高二、四年级儿童的分享数量;自我评价的正向反馈明显提高四、六年级儿童的分享数量。结论:小学儿童的分享数量和进行平分的人数比例都随年级升高而增加,来自同伴、权威和自我的正向反馈分别适用于特定年龄阶段儿童的分享行为促进。     

儿童角色采择能力与利他行为发展的相关研究

对120名5～7岁儿童的角色采择能力与分享行为、捐献行为进行了相关研究,结果表明:(1)不同年龄儿童的角色采择能力有显着差异;(2)幼儿的角色采择能力与其分享行为之间的相关没有显着意义;(3)角色采择能力与其捐献行为有一定相关,角色采择能力强的被试有更多的捐献行为。     

自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响

探讨抵制诱惑范式在儿童自我损耗研究中的应用,并研究自我损耗对儿童分享行为的影响。采用双任务范式,任务一为抵制诱惑,任务二为7个连续的分享任务,记录被试分享的数量以及分享的优先性。随机选取某师范大学附属幼儿园共182名儿童,其中有效被试144人。结果表明：与以往研究一致,儿童分享行为不存在性别差异,且所有被试均表现出较强的利己分享倾向;抵制诱惑范式能够有效启动儿童的自我损耗状态,自我损耗抑制儿童分享中的利他倾向,即损耗组被试在分享任务中表现出更强的利己;自我损耗对小班和中班儿童的利他分享影响较大,对大班儿童在分享行为中的利他倾向影响并不明显。     

儿童四种典型亲社会行为发展的特点

帮助、合作、分享、安慰是儿童亲社会行为的主要类型。四种亲社会行为在儿童身上的发展表现出以下特点:①儿童对这四种亲社会行为的分化发生在18~24个月;②四种亲社会行为随儿童年龄增长表现出不同的变化趋势;③四种亲社会行为的发展既受个人因素的影响,也受情境因素的影响。     

3-6岁儿童母亲教养行为的结构及其与儿童特征的关系

母亲的教养行为是家庭影响儿童社会化的主要途径。本研究采用母亲教养行为问卷对408名3-6岁儿童母亲的日常教养行为的结构进行了考察;并对其中142名母亲施测了儿童消极行为特征问卷,以进一步探讨儿童年龄、性别、消极行为特征与母亲教养行为特点的关系。研究发现:(1)3-6岁儿童母亲的教养行为包括敏感性、接触与参与、交往指导、认知发展指导、积极情感的表达与消极情感的表达等6个主要成分;(2)儿童的年龄对母亲教养行为的参与程度、促进儿童认知能力发展、积极情感与消极情感表达等方面具有显着影响,儿童性别仅在母亲的敏感性方面具有显着影响;(3)儿童的消极行为特征与母亲教养行为的不同方面具有不同的关系。     

移情训练对幼儿分享行为的影响的实验研究

幼儿的分享观念和行为历来是发展心理学家所关心的领域。本研究试图通过移情训练来促进幼儿分享行为的发展,研究发现该训练确有助于幼儿分享行为的加快形成。     

成功和失败对儿童分享行为的影响

本实验通过成功和失败与应得奖品的程度双因素实验设计研究成败和应得奖励的明显程度对儿童分享行为的影响。结果表明:成败是影响儿童分享行为的一个重要因素;在应得奖励明显程度高的条件下,失败引起的分享行为水平高于成功引起的分享行为,而在应得奖励明显程度中和低的条件下,成败对儿童分享行为的影响不显著,但对城市五年级儿童的分享行为有显著的影响;城乡儿童的分享行为存在着显著差异。     

Functions of Memory Sharing and Mother-Child Reminiscing Behaviors: Individual and Cultural Variations

This study examined maternal beliefs about the functions of memory sharing and the relations between these beliefs and mother-child reminiscing behaviors in a cross-cultural context. Sixty-three European American and 47 Chinese mothers completed an open-ended questionnaire concerning their beliefs about the functions of parent-child memory sharing. They also engaged in a joint-reminiscing task with their child. European American mothers were more likely than Chinese mothers to report social (conversational and relationship maintenance) and teaching/problem solving functions. In addition, conversational functions were associated with increased maternal elaborativeness and evaluations during reminiscing, independent of culture. Results are discussed in light of the functional and cultural contexts of early autobiographical memory development.     

Biased Evaluation of Abstracts Depending on Topic and Conclusion: Further Evidence of a Confirmation Bias Within Scientific Psychology

The present paper investigated whether academic psychologists show a tendency to rate the quality and appropriateness of scientific studies more favorably when results and conclusions are consistent with their own prior beliefs (i.e., confirmation bias). In an online experiment, 711 psychologists completed a questionnaire (e.g., about their belief in astrology) and evaluated research that was presented in form of a short abstract in which 40 different behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption, willingness to share money) have been tried to be predicted. The research to be evaluated varied on three dimensions which were all manipulated between subjects: (1) the predictors of the 40 behaviors (either Big Five or astrological factors), (2) the methodological quality of the study (low, medium, high), and (3) the results and subsequent conclusion of the study (confirmation or disconfirmation of the hypotheses). Factor-analyzed scores of participants’ ratings on 8 scales, resulting in 2 factors termed quality and appropriateness, served as dependent measures. The main result of the study is a two-way interaction: Psychologists tended to evaluate results qualitatively higher when they conformed to their own prior expectations, as in this case, when astrological hypotheses were disconfirmed.     

共享经济背景下顾客公民行为和不当行为：基于社会困境理论的视角

共享经济(个体供方对个体顾客的共享模式如小猪短租平台)中顾客公民行为的促进和不当行为的治理, 成为保证共享经济可持续发展的重要议题。然而, 现有顾客行为相关研究更多是在传统经济背景下进行的探讨, 而涉及到共享经济背景下的研究难以体现共享经济的特色, 导致其未能很好地解决实践困境。上述顾客行为是在个人和集体利益发生冲突时的抉择, 即社会困境。社会困境理论可以帮助企业全面认识顾客公民行为和不当行为并有效解决困境问题。本研究拟基于社会困境理论, 探讨以下三个方面的问题: (1) 深入剖析共享经济中顾客公民行为和不当行为的概念、维度及其测量; (2) 揭示平台、供方和政府通过规则制定或社会影响策略来有效优化顾客行为的路径; (3) 阐明顾客公民和不当行为的差异性影响机制, 以及顾客社会价值导向和供方监督对顾客行为的调节作用。本研究有助于拓展现有顾客公民和不当行为的研究, 为平台、供方和政府管理提供重要参考。     

Ships in the Rising Sea? Changes Over Time in Psychologists’ Ethical Beliefs and Behaviors

Beliefs about the importance of ethical behavior to competent practice have prompted major shifts in psychology ethics over time. Yet few studies examine ethical beliefs and behavior after training, and most comprehensive research is now 30 years old. As such, it is unclear whether shifts in the field have resulted in general improvements in ethical practice: Are we psychologists “ships in the rising sea,” lifted by changes in ethical codes and training over time? Participants (N = 325) completed a survey of ethical beliefs and behaviors (Pope, Tabachnick, &; Keith-Spiegel, 1987). Analyses examined group differences, consistency of frequency and ethicality ratings, and comparisons with past data. More than half of behaviors were rated as less ethical and occurring less frequently than in 1987, with early career psychologists generally reporting less ethically questionable behavior. Recommendations for enhancing ethics education are discussed.     

Parenting Beliefs and Locus of Control Orientation

Parenting beliefs and parents' perceptions of locus of control (LOC) were investigated. Parents (n = 167 dyads) of first-born children, ages 3 months (n = 80) and 3 years (n = 87), representing rural (n = 60) and urban (n = 107) families, completed LOC measure and sorted behavioral statements for actual and ideal parenting beliefs using Q-sort methodology. Factor analysis determined LOC factors for fathers and mothers. Q-sort responses factored into four profiles, each containing four subgroups of parents based on type of sort (actual/ideal) and sex of parent (mother/father). An analysis of variance investigated the relationships between profiles and LOC factors. Mothers who believed in fate stressed educational materials and good nutrition as behaviors of the ideal parent but stressed sharing and educational toys in actual interaction with their children. Mothers who believed they had control over event outcomes emphasized affection and verbal interaction as behaviors of the ideal parent. Fathers who indicated the ideal parent should stress good health habits and teach responsibility believed they had more power over their lives than did fathers who emphasized creativity and verbal interaction. Parents placed daily show of affection for children among the most important behaviors whereas threatening child abandonment was among the least desirable behaviors.     

Sexual Attraction and Religious Therapists: Survey Findings and Implications

Five hundred Christian therapists returned surveys describing their beliefs and behaviors regarding sexual attraction and sexual expression toward their clients. Four groups of Christian therapists responded: psychologists, licensed therapists, nonlicensed therapists, and lay counselors. Christian therapists' responses are compared with those from a similar survey of 456 psychologists selected without regard to religious values. Most groups of Christian therapists are less likely than previously surveyed psychologists to report sexual attraction and fantasy toward clients, but the differences between Christian psychologists and other psychologists are minimal. Religious factors that may increase the stigma of admitting sexual attraction are considered.     

基于气质视角的情绪调节与儿童问题行为

问题行为作为儿童期的异常行为妨碍儿童正常的社会适应, 通常包括内化和外化问题行为。儿童情绪调节功能的异常被认为是其主要影响因素, 相关成因亦源于儿童自身的气质特征。在对国内外相关研究梳理的基础上, 从气质的四个维度出发(积极情感/接近、恐惧/行为抑制、愤怒/烦躁、努力控制)分析了情绪调节与常见调节策略对儿童问题行为的影响及相应的情绪调节训练干预。未来研究应结合儿童气质特征, 深入探讨气质各维度之间的交互作用与儿童情绪调节以及问题行为之间的关系, 并在纵向研究中加入神经生理相关技术, 考察三者在儿童发展过程中的关系, 此外还应开展国内本土化研究, 开发适合我国问题行为儿童的实践干预方案, 促进儿童情绪社会化的健康发展。     

Attitudes related to child sexual abuse: scale construction and explorative study among psychologists

A Child Sexual Abuse Attitude and Belief Scale was constructed and then answered by 242 child psychologists. Four CSA related attitude and belief subscales were identified through confirmatory factor analysis: (1) The Disclosure subscale reflecting favouring a disclosure at any cost; (2) The Pro-Child subscale reflecting unconditional belief in children's reports; (3) The Intuition subscale reflecting favouring an intuitive approach to CSA investigations; and (4) The Anti Criminal Justice System subscale reflecting negative attitudes towards the legal system. Beliefs that were erroneous according to empirical research were analyzed separately. The results suggest that some psychologists hold extreme attitudes and many erroneous beliefs related to CSA. Some misconceptions are common. Female participants tended to have stronger attitudes than male participants. The more training in interviewing children the participants had had, the more erroneous beliefs and stronger attitudes they had. Experience did not affect attitudes and beliefs.     

刷屏的原理：在线内容的病毒式分享机制

通过社交网络发布优质在线内容以引发消费者的主动分享从而使该内容像病毒一样传播开来的营销方式被称为病毒式营销。在线内容的病毒式分享机制主要包括内容特征、心理动机、情绪反应、情境因素以及个体特征这五个方面, 可以为品牌和自媒体有效提高在线内容的分享转发率提供系统的理论指导。未来研究需要进一步探索某些具体情绪的作用机制, 识别出更多本土背景下的情境因素, 关注病毒式营销的效果评估和心理行为后果, 并采用更加多样化的研究方法。