中国佛教净土宗的思想发展历程探析

净土宗从开始萌芽到最后发扬光大,大体上经历了三个不同的发展阶段:第一阶段,净土念佛法门被其它佛教宗派融摄,净土念佛只是佛教万行中的一行。第二阶段,禅净双修,禅宗开始吸纳净土宗的修行方法和思想理念。第三阶段,摄禅归净,净土宗开始吸收禅宗的修行方法和思想理念。经过这三个阶段的发展,基本上完成了中国佛教的世俗化历程。     

念佛、净土观念与早期禅宗弥勒信仰

弥勒信仰乃最早传入中土的净土信仰。本文从净土观念、弥勒信仰与念佛法门之间的关系出发,考查了早期禅宗与弥勒信仰的关系。文章认为,新兴的禅宗最初是以念佛三昧为出发点,称念弥勒乃其化人方便之一;禅宗之传衣说,实源自释迦通过迦叶而转授弥勒以僧伽梨之记载;无论从文献还是出土文物而观,净众保唐禅派皆崇奉弥勒。     

昙鸾的净土思想

昙鸾的净土理论是以秽净二土相待的世界观为出发点的。他指出现实世界污秽不净、苦难无边,是秽土;自此向西过十万亿佛刹土,还存在一个阿弥陀佛极乐净土,那里清净安乐、充满了美好和幸福。他极力倡导人们信仰阿弥陀佛,凭借阿弥陀佛的愿力,称念其名,往生西方净土,这是易行道;以其他任何方法修行都是难行道,不可能疾速成佛。     

略论《维摩诘经》净土思想

<维摩诘经>是印度早期大乘佛教的重要经典,在南北朝和隋唐时期广为流传,在佛教般若思想的发展中占有重要地位.该经蕴含着丰富的净土思想,明确提出了"心净则佛土净"这一著名命题.本文从菩萨取净土之目的与方法的角度,认为<维摩诘经>中菩萨取净土的目的是度化调伏众生,此即为"众生之类是菩萨佛土"的内含意蕴,还阐述分析了建立净佛国土之净土行和"心净则佛土净"思想.     

Daimonic elements in early trauma

This paper explores some of the 'daimonic' elements of unconscious mentation that emerge both in dreams and in the transference/countertransference field with early-trauma patients and illustrates these with an extended clinical example. An archaic and typical (archetypal) 'trauma complex' is articulated (with diagram) as a bi-polar structure consisting of divine child protected and/or persecuted by an inner 'guardian angel'. Sources of this structure and its mythological inner objects are traced to trauma at the stage of what Winnicott calls 'unintegration' and to flooding by disintegration anxiety at a time before nascent ego-structure has formed. In an extended case example, the author shows how the patient's traumatized innocence and desire for a new start, thwarted by self-attacking defences, pulls him into playing the inflated role of her guardian angel, leading to re-traumatization in the transference. Working through is seen as the necessary disillusionment and humanization of these daimonic structures as they are projected, suffered, and transmuted by the analytic partners in the stormy process of psychotherapy.     

袁宏道《西方合论》净土思想初探

本文分别从佛教的教、理、行、果四个方面,对袁宏道的《西方合论》进行研究,探索其净土思想。通过分析宏道的判教原理、净土实存之证明及信、愿、悟并进的修行理论,反映出其显净理、破狂禅的宏法目的。     

佛教传入早期的儒佛之争与慧远对儒佛关系的调和

本文论述了佛教传入中国早期的儒佛之争与慧远对此争论的调和，认为慧远的努力促进了佛教在中国的进一步发展。     

明代佛教诸宗归净思潮

净土信仰自东汉传入中国后,至明代已成各宗共行之道,形成了一股台净融通、禅净双修、教律净合一的思潮。本文主要以明代禅宗杨歧门下的憨山德清之禅净双修论、莲宗祖师云栖舃宏之禅净同归论以及以天台学说判释整个佛法的*,益智旭之三学一源、归极净土论为例证,对这一思潮,作一简要的探讨。     

清代净土教理系统及其演进探析

<正>净土宗是清代最为兴盛的佛教宗派之一,其上承明末清初的莲池、蕅益诸师,是晚明佛学思潮的余绪与进一步发展;同时,也内在深刻地影响着近现代净土宗的发展走向,成为近世净土信仰的思潮源泉。因此,厘清清代净土教理的系统划分与演变趋势,既对贯通晚明与近现代两次佛学思潮有一定作用,也对了解兴盛不衰的清代净土宗本身十分必要。然而,清代佛教在教理上的发展历来不被看重,其中净土宗尤被认为是在义学方面"没什么建树"的。^[1]在本文看来,     

论印光大师净土佛法的美学意蕴

<正>印光大师(1862-1940),终生弘扬净土法门,自行化他,晚年指导兴建了苏州灵岩山寺,使之成为十方专修净土道场,且大力主持创办弘化社,刻印流通广大善书,使之成为佛教公益事业典范。从中国佛教史而论,他被尊为中国佛教净土宗第十三祖,为净土宗集大成者。同处民国佛教界,他又同虚云和尚、弘一大师、太虚大师并称民国四大高僧。净土因弥陀净土信仰及称名念佛的修行法门,普利三根,修行简捷,在民间赢得了广大信众,成为了中国佛教最有影响力的一支宗派。印光大师作为净土宗祖师,打破了学术界佛教思想与人生实践的形迹剥离,佛学即佛法,以     

往生与临终关怀——佛教净土宗的生命伦理观

净土宗作为中国佛教信仰的主流,因其专注彼岸之往生,故曾被讥为“专属送死之教”,然而正是这一点恰恰说明了净土宗在临终关怀和终极关怀上的殊胜。这里主要是从心灵抚慰角度来阐释净土宗于临终关怀方面的价值及其对当代的启示。     

Buddhism in America

Emma McCloy Layman, Buddhism in America, Chicago, Nelson-Hall, 1976. 343 pp + 10 plates. 17.50; $6.95 (paperback)     

Buddhism in America

This paper analyzes Buddhism in America from a social, rather than individual, perspective. In particular, an effort is made to move from informative but limited case studies of Buddhism to a national empirical study of the religion. Using the location of Buddhist organizations within the United States as the dependent variable, difference of means testing and logistic regressions are employed to determine what areas are the most receptive to Buddhism. Applying concepts from a variety of ethnographic and indirect approaches to Buddhism, as well as studies of the general success of new religions, I find that both individual and social factors influence the development of Buddhism in the United States. Specifically, significant Asian populations, more college graduates, the presence of schools of higher education and lower levels of conventional religious affiliation are all conducive to the success of Buddhist religious groups.