The Holtzman Inkblot Technique Content Measures of Depression and Suspiciousness

Using free response reports of preferences for books and movies that are presumed to be an index of subjects' fantasy interests, content codes for these materials were developed that successfully discriminated adolescent boys and girls. In two samples boys preferred stories about (1) sports, (2) adventure themes, (3) stories of man-machine relationships. Girls preferred stories of (1) suffering, hardship, overcoming personal and interpersonal obstacles, (2) romance, (3) teenage life, and 4) religious and inspirational themes. Stories about family life, nurturance, sex, and aggression were among the codes that did not discriminate the sexes. Implications of the findings and suggestions for further development of the instrument are discussed.     

A projective analysis of guilt: the Holtzman Inkblot Technique

The group version of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) and the three subscales of the Mosher Guilt Scales (Sex Guilt, Hostility Guilt, and Morality-Conscience Guilt) were administered to 44 undergraduate college females in an effort to determine whether or not high-guilt subjects would demonstrate response inhibition on the HIT. The results indicated response inhibition on the part of high-guilt subjects relative to the HIT Human, Movement, and Integration variables. It was concluded that high-guilt subjects responded to the HIT in a style that was less creative and more perceptually immature than low-guilt subjects.     

The Performance of Juvenile Delinquents on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique: A Normative Study

Abstract

Bohm, Ewald Lehrbuch der Rorschach-Psychodiagnostik fuer Psychologen, Aerzte und Paedagogen (Text book of Rorschach Psycho-diagnostics for Psychologists, Physicians, and Educators). Verlag Hans Huber, Bern, 1951. XXIII &; 406 pp. Reviewed by Olov G. Gardebring

Shneidman, Edwin S. with the collaboration of Walther Joel and Kenneth B. Little. Thematic Test Analysis. Grune and Stratton, New York, 1951. pp. 320. Reviewed by Samuel B. Kutash     

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique as a Measure of Perceptual Development in Mental Retardation

To investigate the relationships between mental age and scores from the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), 96 mentally retarded and normal Ss comprising four criterion IQ-groups ranging in IQ from 34 to 106 were tested. Each group was matched for sex and chronological age. Results revealed consistent monotonic changes with IQ level for six HIT variables, including four that previously had proved to be reliable and meaningful indices of perceptual development. These results provide strong support for these HIT variables as indices of perceptual development and confirm the nature and direction of this development.     

Threat of Shock,State Anxiety,and the Holtzman Inkblot Technique

To study the relationship of selected Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) scores and anxiety, Ss were matched on the basis of A-Trait scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). The HIT was administered to Ss under neutral and threat of shock conditions. State anxiety was monitored by means of the A-State scale of the STAI. None of the HIT variables reflected changes in A-State due to the experimental conditions. HIT anxiety correlated significantly with STAI A-Trait. Results are discussed in terms of Trait-State Anxiety theory and previous research.     

The Viability of an Abbreviated Version of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique With Older Adults

Multiple regression analyses of Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT; Holtzman, Thorpe, Swartz, & Herron, 1961) factor scores were conducted to empirically determine the viability of a short form of the HIT with older adults. Although R ² values were acceptable, the contribution of individual cards to total factor scores was dubious at best. These data suggest that the development of a short form of the HIT for use with older adults is premature and requires more systematic research to justify its viability.     

Level of Perceptual Development as Reflected in Responses to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique

To investigate the relationships between chronological age and scores on 10 variables from the Holtzman Inkblot Technique, 586 normal Ss comprising five criterion age-groups ranging from 5.2 to 19.5 years were tested. Each group had an equal number of males and females. Following a statistical correction for number of rejections, a sex-by-age analysis of variance revealed no significant sex differences or sex-by-age interactions. However, significant age-group differences were found for all 10 variables, six of them resulting in steadily increasing means across the five groups. These age trends are consistent with the sequence of perceptual change outlined by developmental theory, and are interpreted as indicating a developmental shift in the dominance of perceptual functions.     

The viability of an abbreviated version of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique with older adults.

Multiple regression analyses of Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT; Holtzman, Thorpe, Swartz, & Herron, 1961) factor scores were conducted to empirically determine the viability of a short form of the HIT with older adults. Although R2 values were acceptable, the contribution of individual cards to total factor scores was dubious at best. These data suggest that the development of a short form of the HIT for use with older adults is premature and requires more systematic research to justify its viability.     

Contingent reinforcement effects on movement responses of prison inmates to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique

Prison inmates were administered the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) under conditions of either verbal or nonverbal reinforcement of movement responses. Overall, there were no differences among the verbal, nonverbal, and control groups. Inmates charged with violent crimes were found to give the fewest movement responses. With crime category controlled, more movement responses were given under nonverbal conditions. There were no sex differences for movement responses but testing time increased significantly when administered by the female examiner.     

Contingent Reinforcement Effects on Movement Responses of Prison Inmates to the Holtzman Inkblot Technique

Prison inmates were administered the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) under conditions of either verbal or nonverbal reinforcement of movement responses. Overall, there were no differences among the verbal, nonverbal, and control groups. Inmates charged with violent crimes were found to give the fewest movement responses. With crime category controlled, more movement responses were given under nonverbal conditions. There were no sex differences for movement responses but testing time increased significantly when administered by the female examiner.     

Construct validity of the Holtzman Inkblot Anxiety and Hostility scores

The group version of the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT), the IPAT Anxiety Scale Questionnaire (ASQ), the Manifest Hostility Scale (MHS), and the Hand Test (HT) were administered to 72 college subjects in an attempt to clarify the nature of the HIT Anxiety (Ax) and Hostility (Hs) scores. The Ax score was found to correlate significantly with the ASQ total score which represents both overt and covert anxiety. The Hs score was found to correlate significantly with the MHS, which is sensitive to moderate levels of verbal hostility, but not with the HT Acting Out Ratio (AOR), which is strictly a measure of overt aggressiveness. The HIT Ax and Hs scores were concluded to relate most closely with measures that encompass a wide spectrum of the variable in question.     

The Holtzman Inkblot Technique is not the Rorschach: a reply to Lockwood, Roll, and Mathews

A previous article by Lockwood, Roll, and Matthews (1981) reported dramatic differences between the Movement scores obtained by 6-year-old children on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique (HIT) and previously reported normative data for this variable. The Lockwood et al. data were rescored by experienced HIT scorers; their findings-and other possible reasons for the high HIT Movement scores reported by Lockwood et al.-are described and discussed. Finally, the practice of using the HIT in the manner of the Rorschach is criticized.     

实践智力、社会智力、情绪智力的概念及其教育价值

传统智力测验的单一性和其预测的有限性为其它类型智力概念的提出留下了空间。实践智力、社会智力和情绪智力分别从实际解决问题,与人相处及情绪知觉、调节和情绪对思维的促进等不同角度对智力概念进行了强调和扩展。它们与传统的智力理论并不矛盾,只是各有侧重。此外,不同智力概念的提出对教育观念和教育模式的改变亦会有所启发。     

Researchers, sex differences, and the Holtzman Inkblot Technique: a reply to Rice, Greenfield, Alexander, and Sternbach

Two aspects of a previous article by Rice, Greenfield, Alexander, and Sternbach (1976)-their errors with regard to a previous article by Thorpe and Swartz, and their statement regarding sex differences on Holtzman Inkblot Technique variables-are described and discussed.