Incongruence of Sentence Completions under Time Pressure and Freedom

A direct relationship is hypothesized between amount of ego-alien content elicited by SC tests and amount of time pressure imposed. This prediction, tested with female college Ss, was supported by: (a) the results of two independent groups, one taking the test under time pressure and the other under freedom; (b) the results of a single group which was given the test under pressure and later under freedom, and those of a control group for whom the test was repeated under identical pressure conditions. Measures of incongruence within a given personality were obtained by assessing the dissimilarity of completions elicited under pressure and freedom. Anxious Ss showed a greater degree of incongruence than non-anxious Ss.     

句子阅读理解过程中句意的建构时间

一般语言学理论认为, 在句子阅读理解过程中, 句子意义建构是基于词汇语义整合的, 其反映在N400之上, 开始于词语呈现后约250 ms。然而, 近年关于语义P600效应的研究却提示句意建构可能存在多通道或方式, 读者甚至可能在N400反映的加工出现之前就已建立了初步句意。为探明在句子阅读理解过程中是否存在比N400反映的加工更早的句意建构, 以及如果存在这样的句意建构, 其是从何时开始的, 本研究开展了四个实验。实验1发现被试在句末双字词呈现200 ms后已将其联系到上文语义表征而建立了句意, 提示句意建构开始于N400反映的加工出现之前。实验2与3进一步发现, 读者开始建立句意的时间约在句末词呈现了150 ms之时。实验4排除了实验1~3效应的其他一些可能解释, 提升了实验1~3结果的可靠性。总体上, 本研究提示：在句子阅读理解过程中, 读者在句末双字词呈现了约150 ms之时就已建立了句意; 可能存在比N400反映的加工更早的句意建构。     

句子理解过程中句法与语义加工的EEG时频分析

EEG时频分析旨在通过测量单个电极各频段的能量变化, 揭示事件相关振荡活动。采用该技术, 最近的句子加工研究发现, 句法与语义过程均与多个频段(θ、a、b或γ)能量变化相联系。此外, 不同方面的句法(如语法性、数)和语义加工(语义整合或预期)与不同频段振荡活动相联系。将来的研究应该使用多种EEG能量计算方法, 在多种语言中, 探讨时态、词序等句法加工所伴随的振荡活动, 特别是句法和语义过程相互作用在EEG能量变化上的表现。     

Crawley Completions of Residuated Lattices and Algebraic Completeness of Substructural Predicate Logics

This paper discusses Crawley completions of residuated lattices. While MacNeille completions have been studied recently in relation to logic, Crawley completions (i.e. complete ideal completions), which are another kind of regular completions, have not been discussed much in this relation while many important algebraic works on Crawley completions had been done until the end of the 70’s. In this paper, basic algebraic properties of ideal completions and Crawley completions of residuated lattices are studied first in their conncetion with the join infinite distributivity and Heyting implication. Then some results on algebraic completeness and conservativity of Heyting implication in substructural predicate logics are obtained as their consequences.     

Yablifying the Rosser Sentence

In a recent paper (Cie?liński and Urbaniak 2012), Urbaniak and Cie?liński describe an analogue of the Yablo Paradox, in the domain of formal provability. Just as the infinite sequence of Yablo sentences inherit the paradoxical behavior of the liar sentence, an infinite sequence of sentences can be constructed that inherit the distinctive behavior of the Gödel sentence. This phenomenon—the transfer of the properties of self-referential sentences of formal mathematics to their “unwindings” into infinite sequences of sentences—suggests a number of interesting logical questions. The purpose of this paper is to give a precise statement of a conjecture from Cie?liński and Urbaniak (2012) regarding the unwinding of the Rosser sentence, and to demonstrate that this precise statement is false. We begin with some preliminary motivation, introduce the conjecture against the background of some related results, and finally, in the last section, move on to the proof, which adapts a method used by Solovay and Guaspari.     

图式与句式教学:一个转折复句的教学实验

本研究根据图式理论设计转折复句的教学实验。实验对象是54个小学五年级的学生。研究发现：实验组无论在转折复句的辨认、改正和写作的表现．都明显地优于控制组。其中以改正能力的差异最明显,而且辨认、改正和写作能力的相关系数也很高。     

Dynamical Models of Sentence Processing

We suggest that the theory of dynamical systems provides a revealing general framework for modeling the representations and mechanism underlying syntactic processing. We show how a particular dynamical model, the Visitation Set Gravitation model of Tabor, Juliano, and Tanenhaus (1997), develops syntactic representations and models a set of contingent frequency effects in parsing that are problematic for other models. We also present new simulations showing how the model accounts for semantic effects in parsing, and propose a new account of the distinction between syntactic and semantic incongruity. The results show how symbolic structures useful in parsing arise as emergent properties of connectionist dynamical systems.     

Wide-Coverage Probabilistic Sentence Processing

This paper describes a fully implemented, broad-coverage model of human syntactic processing. The model uses probabilistic parsing techniques, which combine phrase structure, lexical category, and limited subcategory probabilities with an incremental, left-to-right pruning mechanism based on cascaded Markov models. The parameters of the system are established through a uniform training algorithm, which determines maximum-likelihood estimates from a parsed corpus. The probabilistic parsing mechanism enables the system to achieve good accuracy on typical, garden-variety language (i.e., when tested on corpora). Furthermore, the incremental probabilistic ranking of the preferred analyses during parsing also naturally explains observed human behavior for a range of garden-path structures. We do not make strong psychological claims about the specific probabilistic mechanism discussed here, which is limited by a number of practical considerations. Rather, we argue incremental probabilistic parsing models are, in general, extremely well suited to explaining this dual nature—generally good and occasionally pathological—of human linguistic performance.     

Sentence production and working memory

Previous research has shown that subjects can make up sentences faster from related noun pairs than from unrelated pairs. Two experiments tested the proposal that for the related pairs a subject simply has to access stored information but must make up an appropriate relation for unrelated pairs. In both studies the subjects were asked on some trials to remember a digit preload while they made up their sentences. Contrary to an initial prediction, the latencies were faster rather than slower with a preload. Furthermore, a surprise recall test at the end of Experiment 2 showed that there was no difference in the recall of related and unrelated pairs. The results were interpreted as evidence that semantic work was necessary for both types of noun pairs, and that the subjects did less semantic work with a digit preload. This interpretation was further supported by the finding that with the preload the subjects produced a narrower range of semantic relations between the noun pairs.     

句子产生中的句法启动

句子产生中的句法启动是指个体产生一个句子时,倾向于重复使用刚刚加工过的句法结构。研究发现：（1）句法启动不能简单用词汇、题元或韵律等因素来解释;（2）启动句和目标句动词、题元角色数目以及顺序是否一致,影响句法启动;（3）层级结构和线性结构具有心理现实性;（4）存在说和写之间以及从理解到产生的跨通道句法启动。这些发现促使研究者提出了新的句子产生理论,如句法启动模型和动词句法表征模型。论文最后指出了进一步研究的方向     

Sentence representations and anaphor processing

This paper describes the use of anaphora to explore the nature of the representation constructed during the on-line processing of sentences. The central concern of the study was to discover whether this representation is componential or holistic. It was found that subjects took longer to resolve references to objects rather than events and, more interesting, that the componential complexity of the target representation affected the speed of anaphor resolution. The results suggest that events are represented differently from objects, and that the representation of events is componential.     

Sentence comprehension and relative pronouns

Doubly self-embedded sentences, differing only in whether the relative pronouns were present or deleted, were presented to two groups of Ss who were required to respond to a word beginning with a particular letter in each sentence and to paraphrase the sentence. The results of both the phoneme monitor task and the paraphrase task indicated that comprehension was better when the relative pronouns were present than when they were deleted. These results are consistent with earlier results for the paraphrase task but are not consistent with earlier results for the phoneme monitor task. Possible reasons for the inconsistency were considered. It was concluded that the phoneme monitor task does reflect comprehension difficulty in a manner consistent with the paraphrase task and that deleting the relative pronouns does make comprehending self-embedded sentences more difficult.