元认知的性质、结构与评定方法

对元认知的性质、结构及评定方法等一系列问题进行了探讨。首先介绍了“元”概念产生的哲学根源及其哲学涵义,以及元认知模型的基本特点;重点分析了元认知与认知的区别;在前人研究的基础上提出元认知有三个成分：元认知知识、元认知体验和认知调节;并总结了元认知评定的主要方法;最后对元认知研究中存在的主要问题及其研究前景作了分析。     

广东省城乡初中生元认知水平比较研究

研究采用自编问卷和访谈法对城乡初中生进行元认知水平的对比研究,结果表明：1）城乡初中生元认知水平总体差异显著,农村初中生的元认知水平总体低于城市初中生的元认知水平。2）城乡初中生在认知前元认知体验和认知中元认知知识维度上差异显著。认知前元认知知识、认知中元认知体验、认知后元认知知识、认知后元认知体验之间无显著性差异。建议加强教师和学生元认知训练,提高学生元认知水平。     

元认知及其培养

元认知是现代认知心理学中的一个非常重要的概念，它对于学生的学习有重要的作用。要培养学生的元认知能力，教师要更新教育观念，改革传统的教学模式，并在具体的教学过程中有意识地帮助学生获得并掌握正确的元认知知识。     

元认知监控的机制:认知灵活性的调节作用

元认知监控作为元认知的核心成分,是内隐程度较高的心理活动。研究采用认知操作法,以MasterMind游戏任务为载体,从执行功能中认知灵活性的角度,探讨了元认知监控的内部机制。结果发现:元认知监测对元认知控制的作用受到认知灵活性的调节作用。对于高认知灵活性的学生,元认知监测水平越高,元认知控制越好;对于低认知灵活性的学生,元认知监测水平的高低不会引起元认知控制水平的显著变化。研究结果表明,高认知灵活性的学生能根据元认知监测进行有效元认知控制,而低认知灵活性的学生其元认知监测水平的提高没有影响元认知控制。结合元认知监控与执行功能进行了讨论。     

ESL学生英文写作元认知研究综述

1　引言　　ＪｏｈｎＦｌａｖｅｌｌ( 1979)将元认知定义为关注并调控认知活动的知识及能力 ,并认为元认知有两个一般性维度 :知识和经验[1] 。自此以后 ,关于元认知的研究逐渐成为教育心理研究的热点。在《认知发展》一书中 ,Ｆｌａｖｅｌｌ( 1985 )又提出 ,元认知知识由通过经验习得的关于认知活动的知识构成 ,它可以分成三个性质独立但具有高度相互关系的变量 :个人变量、任务变量和策略变量[2 ] 。是否具有坚实的元认知知识基础对于成功的学习至关重要。也就是说 ,一个优秀的学习者应该是一个对于作为学习者的自己、对于手头的认知任务…     

元认知结构在教学背景中的理解

近20年来,元认知(metacognition)成为心理学研究的热点之一,人们提出了一系列的元认知理论,试图对人的认知与学习过程作出更为深入的探讨和解释。在许多认知活动中元认知都起着重要作用,这些活动包括口头信息交流、口语理解、阅读理解、写作、语言习得、知觉、注意、记忆、问题解决、社会认知和各种形式的自我控制、自我指导等等。本文主要谈:在教学背景中,对元认知的含义及其结构的理解。     

元认知与潜意识初探

<正>近年来,元认知逐步成为心理学研究的热点之一,并对心理咨询产生了越来越大的影响。元认知(Metcognition)一词最早出现自美国儿童心理学家弗拉威尔(J.H.Flavell)在1976年出版的《认知发展》一书。弗拉威尔在该书中指出,所谓元认知就是对认知的认知。具体地说:1关于个人自己认知过程的知识和调节这些过程的能力;2对思维和学习活动的知识和控制。元认知的实质是对认知活动的自我意识和自     

中学生理解水平与元理解知识关系的研究

知识的理解是学校教学中的一个关键环节,是学生有效记忆和运用知识的基础。学生理解水平的高低是影响其学习成效的一个重要因素,因此,学生理解水平高、低的内在特征和形成原因是心理学家和教育家都十分关心的问题。随着认知心理学的发展和元认知元理解理论的提出,使对这一问题的探讨不断深入。元认知的有关理论认为,儿童元认知的发展水平与其认知能力的发展水平有密切关系,元认知的水平影响着认知能力的发展。因此,探讨学生元理解的发展水平对于分析学生理解水平的差异和制定有效措施促进学生理解水平的提高具有重要意义。     

认知操作背景下在线元认知调节能力的特征

利用认知任务为载体,对在线元认知调节特征进行研究,探讨了在线元认知调节的跨任务一致性和规则特异性。实验采用字母记忆与跟踪击键两种任务作为在线元认知调节的载体,通过逐步增加“提示线索”,观测个体在任务作业上的“成绩”（字母作业任务）或“成绩提高量”（跟踪击键任务）,以此作为评价在线元认知调节能力的指标。结果发现,随着认知任务中潜在规律线索数量的增加,被试能够通过在线元认知调节过程提高其认知作业水平;被试通过认知任务与追述报告分别反映的在线元认知调节水平具有一致性;在线元认知调节一方面具有跨任务情境的一致性,另一方面具有规则发现的差异性。因此,基于认知操作为背景的元认知评价方法能够较好地评估在线元认知调节能力     

解决物理力学问题的元认知训练研究

１问题的提出元认知（Ｍｅｔａｃｏｇｎｉｔｉｏｎ）是一个人所具有的关于自己思维活动和学习活动的认知和监控。它主要包括元认知知识和元认知监控两种成分。心理学家Ｓｔｅｒｎｂｅｒｇ等人把它看成是智力的核心成分。欧美学者们一致认为,在传授一般认知策略的同时,进行元认知策略的训练能提高学生解决问题的能力、为考察元认知训练对我国物理教学的效果,作者对高一学生进行了解决物理力学问题的元认知训练研究。２方法２．１被试的选择选择高一年级三个班（山西侯马市一中１２７班、１２８班、１２９班）做实验,时间安排在第一学用期…     

元认知的本质与要素

该文就元认知的本质和要素进行了探讨。文章首先对已有的相关观点进行了分析,在此基础上,将元认知的内涵界定为“个体对当前认知活动的认知调节”,并确定了元认知活动的三要素,即元认知技能、元认知知识、元认知体验,论述了每一要素在元认知活动中的作用,并以元认知三要素关系示意图描述了三者之间的关系。     

SENTIMENT D'AUTO-EFFICACITÉ ET EXERCICE DES PROCESSUS D'AUTORÉGULATION CHEZ DES ÉTUDIANTS DE NIVEAU COLLÉGIAL*

This study examines the influence of self-efficacy on the self-regulatory mechanisms exercised during a verbal concept formation task. High or low-self-efficacy is experimentally induced among sixty four college students who subsequently have to solve, aloud, different problems of concept formation. Self-regulation was examined based on the utilization of the cognitive strategies required to solve the task, the monitoring strategies applied over the cognitive enterprise and the metacognitive experiences emerging along the resolution. Both groups exhibite similar cognitive strategies, yet some of their monitoring strategies and metacognitive experiences are affected by their self-efficacy judgments. The nature of self-efficacy should be considered when studying the relationship between metacognitive knowledge and self-regulation as applied during the task resolution.     

元认知视角下的强迫症的特征、模型及干预

强迫症的元认知模型认为, 元认知是理解强迫症病理的关键。强迫症患者存在错误的元认知知识信念、消极的元认知体验及不恰当使用元认知策略等问题。强迫症的元认知疗法强调思维过程(如自我聚焦注意、对担忧不变的思维风格和威胁调节的注意策略等)的重要性, 而非思维的具体内容, 并在个体心理干预、团体心理干预等研究中显示出较好的疗效。未来研究应从认知神经科学等视角考查强迫症的记忆等元认知特征, 并进一步验证和修正强迫症的元认知模型。     

A dual-process account of the development of scientific reasoning: The nature and development of metacognitive intercession skills

Metacognitive knowledge of the dual-processing basis of judgment is critical to resolving conflict between analytic and experiential processing responses [Klaczynski, P. A. (2004). A dual-process model of adolescent development: Implications for decision making, reasoning, and identity. In R. V. Kail (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior, Vol. 31 (pp. 73–123). San Diego, CA: Academic Press]. Such conflict is ubiquitous when reasoning scientifically. Three studies explored the nature, development, and stability of this metacognitive knowledge. In each study, participants completed the ratio-bias judgment task, which assessed their tendency to make analytically based responses, and the ratio-bias evaluation task, which assessed their metacognitive knowledge of the processing basis of judgments on the task (Metacognitive Status). In Study 1, college students’ judgment performance was related to metacognitive status but not to general cognitive ability. In Study 2, metacognitive status was related to age and mathematics-related changes. Metacognitive status again predicted participants’ tendency to make analytically based judgments. In Study 3, college students’ judgments, but not metacognitive status, were affected by task conditions. The evidence suggests that assessing metacognitive knowledge is important for understanding how conflict between analytically and experientially based judgments is resolved.     

Transfer of metacognitive skills and hint seeking in monkeys

Metacognition is knowledge that can be expressed as confidence judgments about what one knows (monitoring) and by strategies for learning what one does not know (control). Although there is a substantial literature on cognitive processes in animals, little is known about their metacognitive abilities. Here we show that rhesus macaques, trained previously to make retrospective confidence judgments about their performance on perceptual tasks, transferred that ability immediately to a new perceptual task and to a working memory task. We also show that monkeys can learn to request "hints" when they are given problems that they would otherwise have to solve by trial and error. This study demonstrates, for the first time, that nonhuman primates share with humans the ability to monitor and transfer their metacognitive ability both within and between different cognitive tasks, and to seek new knowledge on a need-to-know basis.     

Epistemic emotions: Cognitive underpinnings and relations with metacognitive feelings

The aim of this paper is to review research on epistemic emotions in learning. The emphasis is not only on the cognitive states that give rise to epistemic emotions but also on the dynamics of epistemic emotions in complex learning situations. The interrelations between epistemic emotions and their interactions with affective states and metacognitive experiences are also explored. The position put forth is that epistemic emotions are triggered by cognitive states involving discrepancy, or conflict, between active schemas and incoming information, or gap in one's knowledge. However, each of the epistemic emotions has its specific triggering conditions that differentiate it from the others. Changing conditions during a cognitive endeavor impact the intensity as well as the interrelations between epistemic emotions. Also, there are relations between epistemic emotions and metacognitive experiences such as feeling of difficulty or confidence, albeit not so strong. The implications for future research are discussed.     

小学高年级学生元认知监测对认知操作输出的影响:执行功能的调节作用

研究采用经典的执行功能测验-威斯康星卡片分类任务,通过自由报告法让被试对每次分类反应进行元认知监测、控制,以探讨小学五、六年级学生元认知控制、执行功能在元认知监测对认知操作输出（奖惩分数、正确应答比例提高指标）影响中的调节作用。研究结果发现：（1）执行功能指标中完成分类数、错误分类数、非持续性错误数、持续性错误数指标在元认知监测与正确应答比例提高之间的调节作用显著;（2）元认知监测在较低的执行功能水平上具有促进作用,即,当执行功能水平较低时,有效的元认知监测可以提高认知操作的输出成绩。研究结果支持元认知监控是与动机有关的、有意识的调节控制,为从理论上厘清元认知监控与执行功能的关系提供了实证支持。     

The metacognitions of climate change

How do individuals think about global climate change? Although a body of research on the cognitive elements of climate change has begun to accumulate (e.g., Bord, O'Connor, & Fisher, 2000, few studies have distinguished between categories of cognitions. One key distinction is between primary, direct thoughts such as perceptions and evaluations, and secondary, indirect thoughts which reflect upon and control primary cognitions (Petty, Brinol, Tormala, & Wegner, 2007); secondary thoughts are thus considered metacognitive. This distinction is important to climate change engagement given that primary and secondary thoughts may exert independent effects on behavior. Three metacognitive elements of climate change are delineated: metacognitive knowledge, or assessments of confidence in one's thoughts; metacognitive certainty, or assessments of the likelihood of an outcome; and metacognitive importance, or the relative emphasis placed on one's thoughts. The relations between these dimensions and climate change-relevant behaviors are explored. Possibilities for future research are also discussed.