Habituation at home

Habituation to mother's face in naturally occurring en face social interactions and to a single object in naturally occurring solitary play was studied in American and Japanese infants. Habituation was observed in both conditions in both samples, and home habituation data paralleled analogous laboratory habituation data both quantitatively and qualitatively.     

Paths to community empowerment: Organizing at home

This study examines how low-income minority communities build on their strengths to improve material conditions and how these actions lead to further empowerment at the individual and group level, and increase engagement with civic life. Based on earlier qualitative research, low-income limited equity housing co-ops were chosen as research. Using quantitative questionnaire data, a path model was tested in which variables were organized into four levels.Level One: Attributes of the person and the context were conceptualized asexogenous variables leading to activities first at the co-op level.Level Two:co-op activities were thought to affect living conditions in the building and evaluations of co-op ownership, which comprisedLevel Three,quality of life in the building. All preceding levels were thought to influenceempowerment, as measured atLevel Four through an attitudinal measure of empowerment, and reported participation in civic activities in the broader community. The model, which emphasizes the collective and material nature of empowerment in addition to the psychological, seems justified by the data. It is especially significant that the aggregate measure of perceived participation of others predicted building quality, and that the aggregate measure of building quality went on to influence empowerment and voting behavior. Personal participation in building activities also proved a good predictor of empowerment, indicating that empowerment operates at both the individual and the group level. Furthermore, increased empowerment at the level of attitude did influence civic activities, in conjunction with personal characteristics and perceived neighborhood qualities. (Tests of causality in the opposite direction were not significant.) Our findings confirm the importance of all three components of empowerment, as articulated by Zimmerman and his colleagues (1992), that is, empowerment at the psychological, interactional, and behavioral level. It extends the conceptualization by introducing the group level of analysis. We thank the Robert F. Wagner Sr. Center for Urban Public Policy at the City University of New York Graduate School and University Center and the Fund for the City of New York for early support and the Edna McConnell Clark Foundation for current support. We acknowledge the invaluable participation in the original project of Heléne Clark, Eric Glunt, Bill Roane, and April Tyler. We also thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor for their helpful and extremely thorough comments and suggestions.     

Parenting at home and bullying at school

The present study aimed at examining the relationship that may exist between specific parental practices at home and the child’s bullying and victimization experiences at school. This study attempted to go beyond parental styles, a variable that most of the earlier studies have used and introduce three, relatively new parameters of bullying and victimization; namely, parent–child conflict, parental monitoring and child disclosure. It was found that parenting at home seems to be related to bullying at school. However, not all aspects of parenting are related, and not in the same way. Parent–child conflict was found to be positively correlated to, and a potent predictor of both bullying and victimization; child disclosure was found to be negatively correlated to and also a potent predictor of bullying (not victimization), while parental monitoring, unlike earlier reports, was found to be statistically unrelated to either bullying or victimization.     

At home with himself: John Beebe at 65

John Beebe was born in Washington, D.C. He is a graduate of Harvard University and the University of Chicago Medical School. He has maintained his private practice of psychiatry in San Rancisco since 1971, and he became a Jungian analyst in 1978. In 2002 he completed a two-year term as President of the C. G. Jung Institute of San Francisco. He is the founding editor of The San Francisco Jung Institute Library Journal, the co-editor of Psychiatric Treatment: Crisis, Clinic, and Consultation, and editor of Money, Food, Drink, Fashion, and Analytic Raining (Proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Analytical Psychology) and C. G. Jung's Aspects of the Masculine. He is the author of Integrity in Depth and has recently edited the proceedings of the 2002 North American Conference of Jungian Analysts and Candidates, Terror, Violence, and the Impulse to Destroy: Perspectives from Analytical Psychology, which he helped to organize. I first met John in his cozy office on a peaceful winter afternoon in San Francisco not long after he had turned sixt, y, and we continued to correspond over the ensuing years to produce this interview.     

at home in the world

To be at home in the world is an expression of attachment observed in all living beings and the specifically human need to create a world of shared meaningful experiences. Recent history has been a history of lost homes and lost nations. Although modern man and woman have gained new opportunities of finding a home with any person or community, an analysis of homesickness reveals the archetypal need for enduring attachments that are rooted in the actual history of our experiences of a whole world. The mythic notion of Sacred Space symbolizes an archetypal intention to invest kinship libido in people, animals and objects that are within the boundaries of a known world. Home becomes an inner psychological dimension not dependent on geographic location. We may understand it as a capacity of the psyche to offer a fixed point of reference to which we may return so that we may assimilate new experiences without loss of identity. The discoveries of infant research indicate that self-continuity manifests in infancy as an attribute of the core self. If this is not matched by a holding environment, psychologically painful experiences of felt abandonment can ensue. It is shown how this theme can appear as part of the analytic space, in dreams and in transference, and that a working through of its meanings individually can help restore our being at home in the world.     

Feeling at home in language

What do we learn about language from reading Wittgenstein'sPhilosophical Investigations? This question gains urgency from Wittgenstein's alleged animus against philosophical theorizing and his indirectness. Section 1 argues that Wittgenstein's goal is to prevent philosophical questioning about the foundations of language from the beginning. This conception of his aim is not in tension with Wittgenstein's use of the notion of community; “community interpretations” of his views betray a misguided commitment to the coherence of the idea that language might need grounding. Wittgenstein's goal is not to enjoin us not to step “outside of language-games”, but to show that we have insufficiently clear grasp of the terms we try to use to express the limits of intelligibility. Section 2 suggests that appreciating Wittgenstein's moral concerning the relation between language and philosophizing about it involves allowing him to teach us how to read his book. What makes readingPhilosophical Investigations possible is openness to learning how not to forget our lives in language.     

Perceptions on well-being at home of families with people with disabilities: A psycho-environmental perspective

Introduction

Although the home is of major importance in the lives of people with disabilities, few studies address disability in the literature on home and health. Moreover, people with disabilities and their family members’ perceptions of their homes has rarely been explored.

When increased confidence yields increased thought: A confidence-matching hypothesis

Traditional theories of confidence and information processing suggest that people engage in greater processing activity when they feel doubtful as opposed to confident. Recent research, however, has hinted at the possibility that this effect might be malleable. The current research tests a confidence-matching hypothesis to determine when increased confidence yields increased processing and when increased confidence yields decreased processing. Based on recent advances in research on matching effects, it is proposed that the classic negative effect of confidence on information processing will reverse when messages are framed in terms of confidence. This hypothesis is tested by presenting participants with a persuasive message containing strong or weak arguments under confidence or doubt conditions. As predicted, when the message is framed in confidence terms, participants engage in greater message processing when they feel confident rather than doubtful, as indicated by greater argument quality effects on attitudes and thought favorability.     

Confessions of an iconoclast: at home on the fringe

The career of a psychologist whose work has been on the fringe of psychometrics, of personality theory, and, at a stretch, of psychoanalytic theory and the philosophy of science is described in this article.     

Preliminary investigation of the confidence of sport spectators: importance of time, difficulty of the game, and team identification.

Three factors believed to play a role in the confidence sport spectors have in their team were examined: time until the competition began, the difficulty of the competition, and the fans' scores on identification with the team. 31 college students were asked to complete the Confidence subscale of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 on five separate occasions: 3 days before, 12 hours before, 3 hours before, immediately prior to, and at half-time of two basketball contests. Subjects also completed the Sport Spectator Identification Scale during the first testing session. Analysis indicated that subjects' confidence changed significantly as the competition approached but only for the more difficult contest. Further, highly and lowly identified subjects exhibited different patterns of confidence as the difficult competition approached.     

Perception of personal identity at home

This study aims to discover whether observers with the same cultural background as the inhabitant of a bedroom perceive common characteristics among the inhabitants. The study was carried out with 107 females who were asked to assess the inhabitants of eight bedrooms. Several slides of each bedroom were shown to participants and they had to choose from a list of seventy-six characteristics those that defined the resident of each bedroom. Results revealed that socio-demographic variables thus attributed coincided with the profiles of the inhabitants. A correspondence analysis brought to light a dimension linked to affective aspects, which was more prominent among women; whereas among men the characteristics thus attributed were more linked to practical aspects and to difficulties for social interaction. A second study was conducted to determine whether gender stereotype had any influence on the result of the previous study. The outcomes showed that this stereotype did not have any effect on the participants' judgments.     

Computers for cognitive research: A HyperCard adventure game

For researchers interested in exploring the cognitive and metacognitive processes involved in problem-solving, one obstacle has been the difficulty of creating engaging and ecologically valid situations in which to observe these skills in practice. Computer games can provide a rich environment for research on such skills. I present a HyperCard example of an adventure game that serves as an environment for research on analogy in problem-solving. The design of the game and interface is detailed, and initial results of and suggestions for extensions to this work are presented.     

Feeling at home in one's school: a first look at a new measure

We report on the development of the Hospitality Scale, which measures two aspects of adolescents' perception of social capital in school-the extent to which they perceive that they have social capital and the extent to which they provide social capital to others. The scale was developed in reference to the literature exploring adolescent social isolation and social tolerance, as well as constructs developed in research on adults, especially related to psychological sense of community and collective efficacy. We examine the reliability of the scale and the association between scale scores and behavioral factors that may reflect social isolation.