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Frances K. McSweeney Jeffrey N. Weatherly Samantha Swindell 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》1996,3(3):372-375
Large and systematic changes in response rates often occur within sessions during operant conditioning procedures. In the present experiment, we asked whether the value of the reinforcer that supports responding also changes within sessions. Pigeons pecked a key for mixed grain available throughout the session. Occasionally, wheat was also provided for pecking a second key. The ratio of the rates of responding for mixed grain and wheat, a frequently used measure of relative reinforcer value, changed significantly within sessions when mixed grain was provided at high, but not at low, rates. Habituation to the reinforcer provides the most likely explanation for these changes in reinforcer value. Eventually, habituation may provide a unified explanation for the within-session changes in behavior that occur when many species of subjects respond on a wide variety of tasks. 相似文献
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Lombardi R 《The Psychoanalytic quarterly》2004,73(3):773-86; discussion 787-814
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HyperCard is a useful tool available to teachers and researchers who have access to Macintosh computers. Version 2.1 of HyperCard, in conjunction with the Macintosh Operating System 7, includes some significant new capabilities for users with multiple computers in a network, as is common in many teaching laboratories. This paper describes a HyperCard stack that allows users who wish to run HyperCard-based experiments on several computers simultaneously to conveniently retrieve experimental data from those remote computers onto one program, and to perform several other useful tasks in a computer network. 相似文献
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Rates of responding changed systematically across sessions for rats pressing levers and keys and for pigeons pressing treadles and pecking keys. A bitonic function in which response rates increased and then decreased across sessions was the most common finding, although an increase in responding also occurred alone. The change in response rate was usually large. The function relating responding to time in session had the following general characteristics: It appeared early in training, and further experience moved and reduced its peak; it was flatter for longer sessions; and it was flatter, more symmetrical, and peaked later for lower than for higher rates of reinforcement. Factors related to reinforcement exerted more control over the location of the peak rate of responding and the steepness of the decline in response rates than did factors related to responding. These within-session changes in response rates have fundamental theoretical and methodological implications. 相似文献
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Andrew Wilson 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》1980,8(2):237-241
Three group sessions were run for postgraduate students. These showed that the students wanted a close personal relationship with their supervisors, and that they often had little idea of what their research work involved. The students were shocked by the difference between their own attitudes and the supervisors'. Simple group work did much to help. 相似文献
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Forty-six patients fulfilling the DSM-IV criteria for claustrophobia were assessed with behavioral, physiological, and self-report measures. They were randomly assigned to four conditions: (1) one-session (E1); or (2) five-sessions of exposure (E5); (3) five-sessions of cognitive therapy (C5); and (4) Wait-list for 5 weeks. The first condition consisted of a single 3 h session of massed exposure, and condition 2 and 3 of 5 h of gradual treatment, which was done individually by very experienced therapists. The results showed that treatment was significantly better than the wait-list condition, and the three treatments did equally well with no differences between them. At post-treatment 79% of treatment patients vs 18% of the wait-list controls had improved to a clinically significant extent. When the three treatments were compared 80% in the E1-group, 81% in the E5-group, and 79% in the C5-group were clinically improved. At the 1 year follow-up the corresponding figures were 100%, 81%, and 93%, respectively. The implications of these results are discussed. 相似文献
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Group sessions with wives of aphasic patients 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J L Bardach 《International journal of group psychotherapy》1969,19(3):361-365
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Mellitz M Hineline PN Whitehouse WG Laurence MT 《Journal of the experimental analysis of behavior》1983,40(1):57-67
Five rats were exposed to a shock-postponement procedure in which responses on each of two levers initially had equivalent effects. After an initial training sequence that ensured at least some responding on each lever, an additional consequence was made conjointly operative on the previously less-preferred lever for each animal. Each response on this lever continued to postpone shock, but also reduced the session duration by one minute. The conjoint contingencies were operative until, through session-shortening responses and the passage of time, the session was scheduled to end in two minutes; during the final two minutes the session-shortening contingency was disabled while the shock-postponement contingency continued to be operative on both levers. When responding shifted to a predominance on the session-shortening lever, the conjoint contingency was shifted to the other lever; for four of the five rats this reversal was followed by two additional reversals. Two of the rats' responding showed clear, strong, and unambiguous sensitivity to the session-shortening contingency. The responding of two others was also systematically controlled by that contingency, but the effects were less clearcut. The fifth animal showed an initial shift when session-shortening was introduced, but its subsequent behavior proved insensitive to reversals of procedure. The results clearly indicate a sensitivity of behavior to events on a time scale quite distinct from that of immediate consequences. They also support an interpretation of avoidance sessions, considered in their entirety, as events whose contingent relationship to behavior can affect that behavior—even in the absence of stimuli that delineate those relationships. Finally, these results support an interpretation of aversively based conditioning within a broader context, analogous to the “open versus closed economy” interpretation of appetitively controlled behavior. 相似文献
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Peter Reder 《Journal of Family Therapy》1979,1(2):281-290
A diagrammatic technique for recording family sessions is presented. The Interaction Chronogram is a visual display system originally devised for use in group psychotherapy by Cox, but can be modified for work with families. The system permits a family session to be summarized diagrammatically and aids review of a family's treatment. A 'diagnostic' and treatment session with one family is presented to illustrate the system's use. 相似文献
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Andersen Marc Nielbo Kristoffer L. Schjoedt Uffe Pfeiffer Thies Roepstorff Andreas Sørensen Jesper 《Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences》2019,18(3):577-588
Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences - Ouija board sessions are illustrious examples of how subjective feelings of control – the Sense of Agency (SoA) - can be manipulated in real life... 相似文献
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Catherine Tellides Marilyn Fitzpatrick Martin Drapeau Robert Bracewell Jennifer Janzen Alexia Jaouich 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2008,8(2):85-92
Despite the clinical use of therapeutic transference across various schools of psychotherapy, there have been relatively few empirical studies of this phenomenon, none of which has examined transference with a non‐pathological population. In this study, the core conflictual relationship theme (CCRT) method was used to examine the manifestation of therapeutic transference in the first three sessions of 22 counselling contracts with high‐functioning individuals. Factor analyses of the wish (W) and response of other (RO) components of the CCRT indicate a complementary pattern of relating in which the therapist is idealised and others are devalued. Within the response of self (RS) component, clients exhibited a concordant relational transfer whereby they had a negative response to both the therapist and others. Additionally, control issues emerged in the W component for significant others and in the RS component for the therapist. 相似文献
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18 normal, self-reported dextral subjects (9 men, 9 women) were assessed with a Halstead Manual Finger Tapping device, with 10 trials per hand for 10 consecutive wk. The test-retest reliability of the 10-trial average between the 10 sessions averaged .94 for men and .86 for women, for both preferred and nonpreferred hands. There were no statistically significant effects of increases in performance over sessions or effects of fatigue over trials for either sex or hand. There were, however, significant increases over trials for men for both preferred and nonpreferred hands. 相似文献
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Efficacy of booster sessions after training in assertiveness 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
28 subjects participated in a 6-wk. assertion training program. Of these, 22 remained in the study for a 6-mo. follow-up period, during which half received monthly booster sessions and half did not. Assignment to the booster and no-booster groups was random, with the qualification that subjects were equated on trait anxiety before training in assertiveness. Subjects filled out the Gambrill-Richey Assertion Inventory, the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Zung Self-rating Depression Scale before the 6-wk. assertion training, after this program, at a 3-mo. follow-up, and at a 6-mo. follow-up. It was hypothesized that the booster group would exhibit significant superiority on these measures at the 3-mo. and 6-mo. follow-ups. On all measures both groups significantly improved from before to after the training program with good maintenance throughout the follow-ups. There were no differences between the booster and no-booster groups on the measures of assertiveness and anxiety. However, there was a significant interaction for the depression scores when the booster and no-booster groups were compared from posttreatment to 6-mo. follow-up. The depression scores of subjects in the booster group were lower than the depression scores of subjects in the no-booster group at the 6-mo. follow-up. These results were discussed with suggestions for further research. 相似文献
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The differential-outcomes effect is manifest as more accurate performance of a delayed conditional discrimination when alternative choice responses are followed by different reinforcers than when they are followed by the same reinforcer. In Experiment 1, a differential-outcomes effect was demonstrated within sessions by signaling the duration of food access for correct responses with stimuli appearing in conjunction with the sample stimuli. The delayed matching-to-sample performance of 5 pigeons was more accurate when green choice responses (matching a green sample) were followed by 3.5-s food access and red choice responses (matching a red sample) were followed by 0.5-s food access (different-outcome trials) than when the correct choice responses were both followed by 1.5-s reinforcers (same-outcome trials). In Experiment 2, the acquisition of this differential-outcomes effect was characterized by a progressive decrease in rate of forgetting on different-outcome trials and no change in rate of forgetting on same-outcome trials. In addition, accuracy at the shortest delay intervals for both different-outcome and same-outcome trials increased over acquisition, but to a greater extent for different-outcome trials. These data suggest that both memorial and attentional (time-dependent and time-independent) factors contribute to the differential-outcomes effect. 相似文献