共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Sven Rosenkranz 《Erkenntnis》2011,74(2):177-206
We conceive of many general terms we use as having satisfaction conditions that are objective in that the thought that something
meets them neither entails nor is entailed by the thought that we are currently in a position in which we are ready, or warranted,
to apply those terms to it. How do we manage to use a given term in such a way that it is thereby endowed, and conceived to
be endowed, with satisfaction conditions that are objective in this sense? In the first half of the paper, I present a number
of interrelated problems for some extant metasemantical accounts of how use determines objective satisfaction conditions.
In the second half, I then propose a novel account that avoids all of these problems. 相似文献
2.
Michael Pendlebury 《The Southern journal of philosophy》2007,45(4):533-563
In order to establish that judgments about practical reasons can be objective, it is necessary to show that the applicable standards provide an adequate account of truth and error. This in turn requires that these standards yield an extensive set of substantive, publicly accessible judgments that are presumptively true. This output requirement is not satisfied by the standards of universalizability, consistency, coherence, and caution alone. But it is satisfied if we supplement them with the principle that desire is a source of minimal reasons. This principle is justified despite currently fashionable arguments against the claims of desire. 相似文献
3.
Alexander Miller 《亚里斯多德学会增刊》2003,77(1):73-90
This paper addresses the problem of how to account for objective content—for the distinction between how we actually apply terms and the conditions in which we ought to apply them—from within a naturalistic framework. Though behaviourist or dispositionalist approaches are generally held to be unsuccessful in naturalising objective content or 'normativity', I attempt to restore the credibility of such approaches by sketching a behaviouristic programme for explicating objective content. 相似文献
4.
5.
Ellery Eells 《Synthese》1983,57(3):387-442
I argue that to the extent to which philosophical theories of objective probability have offered theoretically adequateconceptions of objective probability (in connection with such desiderata as causal and explanatory significance, applicability to single cases, etc.), they have failed to satisfy amethodological standard — roughly, a requirement to the effect that the conception offered be specified with the precision appropriate for a physical interpretation of an abstract formal calculus and be fully explicated in terms of concepts, objects or phenomena understood independently of the idea of physical probability. The significance of this, and of the suggested methodological standard, is then briefly discussed. 相似文献
6.
Thomas J. Spiegel 《Philosophical Investigations》2023,46(1):76-98
This paper deals with Wittgenstein’s rule-following paradox, focussing on the infinite rule-regress as featured in Kripke’s Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language. I argue that one of the most salient and popular proposed solutions (championed by John McDowell), which argues that rule-following is grounded in “custom,” “practice” or “form of life, remains unsatisfactory because part of this proposal is the rejection of further “theory” (commonly attributed to Wittgenstein) which seemingly makes it impossible to substantiate the claim of how customs, practices or forms of life ground rule-following. I argue that this conundrum can be solved by introducing Wilhelm Dilthey’s overlooked notion of objective spirit as the objectivated sediment of historical human communality. This proposal allows us to substantiate Wittgenstein’s hints at the connection between rule-following and customs, practices, and forms of life without introducing “problematic theories.” Combining Wittgenstein’s views with Dilthey’s notion of objective spirit results in a solution that is neither skeptical nor straight, but therapeutic. 相似文献
7.
8.
Rob van Someren Greve 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2013,16(3):481-492
There are two distinct views on how to formulate an objective consequentialist account of the deontic status of actions, actualism and possibilism. On an actualist account, what matters to the deontic status of actions is only the value of the outcome an action would have, if performed. By contrast, a possibilist account also takes into account the value of the outcomes that an action could have. These two views come apart in their deontic verdicts when an agent is imperfect in an avoidable way, viz., when agent brings about less good than she could. In this paper, I offer an argument against actualism that draws on the connection between moral obligation and practical reasons. 相似文献
9.
10.
《Journal of applied philosophy》1984,1(1):39-51
ABSTRACT Following Rawls' seminal work, political philosophers and economists have recently shown great interest in different conceptions of equity or justice. Apart from Rawls' own principles, these have included utilitarianism, need and desert, horizontal and vertical equity and envy-free distributions. None of these conceptions, however, seem to command general consensus; and this paper is an attempt to find out why. The conclusion is reached that they all fail because they do not take account of an essential element of equity: its relationship to the existence or otherwise of choice. An alternative conception is offered, based explicitly on that relationship; it is argued that this conception comes closer to capturing the essence of what is generally meant by the term equity than any of the others considered. 相似文献
11.
Objective Explanations of Individual Well-being 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
J. Varelius 《Journal of Happiness Studies》2004,5(1):73-91
Empirical research on questions pertaining to individual well-being is informed by the researchers' philosophical conception
of the nature of well-being and, consequently, the adequacy of such research is partly determined by the plausibility of this
conception. Philosophical theories of human well-being divide into subjective and objective. Subjective theories make our
well-being dependent on our attitudes of favour and disfavour. Objective theories deny this dependency. This article discusses
objective theories of individual well-being from the point of view of their explanatory power and argues that these theories
are unable to provide an acceptable account of the prudential goodness of what they consider to be good for human beings.
The article concludes by discussing some implications of its main argument to empirical research on questions pertaining to
individual well-being.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
12.
13.
Alan H. Goldman 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2008,11(5):507-524
While objective values need not be intrinsically motivating, need not actually motivate us, they would determine what we ought
to pursue and protect. They would provide reasons for actions. Objective values would come in degrees, and more objective
value would provide stronger reasons. It follows that, if objective value exists, we ought to maximize it in the world. But
virtually no one acts with that goal in mind. Furthermore, objective value would exist independently of our subjective valuings.
But we have no way of measuring amounts of such values independently of the ways we value objects. While a subjectivist can
account for mistaken values, a fully impersonal viewpoint, from which objective values would appear, seems instead to cause
all values to disappear. Nor does the moral point of view, which requires more impartiality than agents usually exhibit, reveal
fully objective values. The paper closes with an examination of the most widely endorsed candidates for states having positive
and negative objective values: pleasures and pains. It concludes again that, once we adjust for worthiness of the object and
desert of the subject for such states, there is no way to measure their supposed objective value. 相似文献
14.
15.
Objective Bayesianism with predicate languages 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Jon Williamson 《Synthese》2008,163(3):341-356
Objective Bayesian probability is often defined over rather simple domains, e.g., finite event spaces or propositional languages.
This paper investigates the extension of objective Bayesianism to first-order logical languages. It is argued that the objective
Bayesian should choose a probability function, from all those that satisfy constraints imposed by background knowledge, that
is closest to a particular frequency-induced probability function which generalises the λ = 0 function of Carnap’s continuum
of inductive methods. 相似文献
16.
17.
Alistair M. C. Isaac 《Australasian journal of philosophy》2013,91(4):683-704
The claim that similarity plays a role in representation has been philosophically discredited. Psychologists, however, routinely analyse the success of mental representations for guiding behaviour in terms of a similarity between representation and the world. I provide a foundation for this practice by developing a philosophically responsible account of the relationship between similarity and representation in natural systems. I analyse similarity in terms of the existence of a suitable homomorphism between two structures. The key insight is that by restricting attention to only those homomorphisms induced by causal processes, we can solve two philosophical problems with a single assumption. First, causal structure provides an adequate source for the bias required to ensure the similarity relation is non-trivial; second, it provides an adequate source for the directionality required to move from similarity to representation. I defend this account against objections by Goodman and van Fraassen and demonstrate that it is indeed the account of similarity's role in representation assumed by psychological practice. 相似文献
18.
Objective determinants of perceived social support 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
C E Cutrona 《Journal of personality and social psychology》1986,50(2):349-355
Objective characteristics of people's social networks were examined as determinants of the perceived availability of social support in two populations: elderly adults (n = 50) and mothers of 1-year-olds (n = 71). Number of network members and frequency of contact with network members, computed separately for kin and nonkin were examined as predictors of loneliness, overall social support, and the six components of social support proposed by Weiss (1974). Kin were found to be more effective providers than nonkin of some aspects of social support. Network characteristics were better predictors of perceived social support for the elderly than for the mothers, but a maximum of 30% of the variance in perceived social support was attributable to the objective network characteristics in either sample. It is recommended that future research on the determinants of perceived social support consider actual interpersonal behaviors, their contexts, and personality characteristics that affect the facilitation an interpretation of supportive behaviors. 相似文献
19.
William John Ickes Robert A. Wicklund C.Brian Ferris 《Journal of experimental social psychology》1973,9(3):202-219
Based on a theory of objective self awareness three experiments were conducted with undergraduates to test the hypothesis that self-focused attention can alter self esteem levels. In Experiments I and II subjects were exposed either to the sound of their own voices or to the sound of another's voice, and while listening to the tape-recording they filled out a self esteem measure. Consistent with the theory, subjects whose attention was focused upon themselves by means of exposure to their own tape-recorded voices showed lower self esteem than subjects who heard another's voice. The impact of the self awareness manipulation on self esteem was greatest when it was first introduced. In Experiment III the variable of positive-negative feedback on a fictitious personality trait was added to the self-focused attention variable. An interaction resulted such that self-focused attention lowered self esteem given negative feedback, while there was a tendency toward the opposite result given positive feedback. 相似文献
20.
《Journal Of Applied School Psychology》2013,29(2-3):161-176
Considerable confusion and subjectivity has plagued the diagnosis of learning disabilities since the field was first established. Though clinical judgement is necessary for appropriate diagnosis and provision of services to learning disabled children, such judgement must be steeped in evidence and given clear empirical guidance. Application of the severe discrepancy criterion dictated in Federal regulations offers an excellent beginning point in objectifying learning disability diagnosis. 相似文献