MARITAL SATISFACTION AMONG MOTHERS OF INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE: THE CONTRIBUTION OF ILLNESS SEVERITY,ATTACHMENT STYLE,AND THE COPING PROCESS

This study examined the contribution of illness severity and attachment style to marital satisfaction among mothers of infants with Congenital Heart Disease (CHD) as well as the mediating role of cognitive appraisal and ways of coping with motherhood tasks. Eighty-five mothers of newborns with CHD rated their attachment style 2 weeks after the infant's CHD diagnosis and two physicians rated the severity of the disease. One year later, mothers completed self-reports scales tapping marital satisfaction, appraisal of motherhood tasks, and ways of coping with these tasks. The severity of infant's disease and mothers’ attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance were related to less marital satisfaction. Moreover, whereas illness severity and attachment anxiety had direct effects on marital satisfaction, the negative effects of attachment avoidance were mediated by the appraisal of motherhood in threatening terms and the reliance on emotion-focused coping. The interconnections between attachment style, the process of coping with the stress of a chronic illness, and marital satisfaction were discussed.     

HOW PATIENTS COMMUNICATE ABOUT THEIR ILLNESS

This article presents two empirical investigations of how patients communicate about their illness. A review of the literature on provider-patient communication is offered. From this review, we conclude that we know intuitively more about the interaction between health care providers and their patients than the research literature has revealed. A series of research questions are advanced concerning the patient's communicative contributions to the provider-patient relationship. The first study offers evidence of distinct patient-communication typologies. How patients communicate about their illness is also closely related to how they utilize the health care system. The second study uses independent raters to validate patient self-reports about their communication behavior. The findings suggest that how patients communicate to health care providers is a factor worthy of further study. Several specific avenues for future research are discussed in light of these findings.     

SEX-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN HEALTH AND ILLNESS

Mortality and morbidity statistics which reflect the major health disorders in the nation have changed dramatically in this century. Infectious diseases have been largely controlled, and this country's citizens are now burdened with the chronic and disabling disorders of an aging population that are increasingly linked to environmental and behavioral factors. This article documents gender and sex differences among the major life-threatening disorders and chronic health problems and suggests implications for psychology as a health science and profession.     

GENDER AND SERIOUS MENTAL ILLNESS: A Feminist Perspective

Perhaps in reaction to criticisms of "woman as problem" formulations, psychological literature has nearly ignored women with serious mental illnesses (SMI), although epidemiological research indicates that women are overrepresented in these diagnoses. Data are presented on characteristics, functioning, and services received for a sample of nearly 2,500 SMI clients. Statistical clustering of clients with similar profiles produced four out of six clusters with significant differences in proportions of female versus male clients represented. The results indicate that the extent to which SMI clients display gender-related symptoms and behaviors is a significant factor in clinician perceptions and in service utilization. However, results also show substantial overlap in gender composition of the clusters. Discussion centers on the quality of care and appropriateness of services for female clients. Future research is suggested, utilizing a feminist understanding of women's diversity and of sociopolitical factors related to mental health.     

心理咨询助人问题的探究

心理咨询在现代社会中,起着越来越大的作用,改善和提高了人们的心理健康水平,本文旨在加深对心理咨询含义的理解。首先对心理咨询的涵义做了探讨,进一步分析了心理咨询助人的含义,分别从心理咨询助人的基础,助人的方式,助人的目标做了阐释。最后探讨了咨询师的价值观与方法论对心理咨询可能产生的影响。心理咨询是心灵层面的沟通,通过体验关怀,达到来访者的心灵成长。咨询师对心理咨询的本质理解以及不同的咨询价值观和方法论都对心理咨询起着深远的影响。     

自我描述问卷上海常模的修订报告

自我描述问卷是一种在国际上被广泛运用的自我概念测量量表,为了使我国的教育和医务工作者也能使用这种测量工具.我们对其进行了引进和修订.并初步制定出上海常模,从试用的结果来看.对我国6-12年级的初高中学生非常适用。分数的分布里常态.对测验结果作各种心理测量学的分析,信度指标：a.全量表的内在稳定性各年级在.92-.96之间,各分量表的内在稳定性在.66-.9文之间。b.各分量表的重测信度为.56-.75.效度指标：a.各分量表之间的相关较低,b.同质性很好,C.三个学业自我概念分量表与学习成绩间有很高的正相关,鉴于以上这些结果,该量表在中国中学生中使用有较高的信度,效度和实用价值。     

汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响

为考察笔画在汉字认知中的作用,探讨了汉字整体和笔画频率对笔画认知的影响。结果表明：（1）和部件识别类似,笔画认知存在着显著的字劣效应：识别汉字中的笔画比识别单独呈现的笔画反应时明显地长,错误率也大幅度增加,显示了汉字整体对笔画认知的抑制性影响。（2）识别汉字中的笔画的反应时也受背景汉字笔画多少的影响。识别少笔画汉字中的笔画比识别多笔画汉字中的笔画容易。（3）笔画频率对笔画认知也有重要影响,频率高的笔画比频率低的笔画容易识别     

笔画复杂性和重复性对笔画和汉字认知的影响

采用笔画识别和词汇决定的方法 ,对汉字笔画认知和笔画在汉字认知中的作用作了考察。实验一探讨了汉字笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知的影响。结果表明 ,笔画自身的复杂性对笔画认知无显著影响 ,识别简单笔画和识别复杂笔画的反应时与错误率无显著差异。实验二考察了笔画的重复性对汉字认知的影响。结果表明 ,汉字认知中存在笔画重复性效应。笔画重复较多的汉字比笔画较少重复的汉字识别时间短 ,错误率亦低。整个实验结果支持笔画是汉字加工的基本单元的假设     

THE KENOSIS OF THE CREATOR AND OF THE CREATED CO-CREATOR

Abstract I comment on moral and theological aspects of human technology, which I consider as an evolutionary moment of our cultural and genetic variation. It is an important moment both scientifically and theologically. Starting from Philip Hefner's theological program of the human being as created co‐creator, I distinguish between the limitations and responsibilities of the human being as a created agent and the possibilities and ideals as a co‐creator. I develop the idea of the kenosis (self‐emptying) of the Creator, which as the root of God's love principle should be reenacted by the created co‐creators. I analyze elements of this kenosis presented by Jürgen Moltmann in relation to creation and eschatology.