Ideology obscured. Political uses of the self in Daniel Stern's infant

Daniel Stern's (1985) respected theory of infant development is critiqued from a social-constructionist perspective in order to demonstrate how decontextualized psychology theories inadvertantly perpetuate the political status quo. Self-invariants in the core-self phase are discussed as reflections of the current configuration of self rather than a discovery of universal elements of human development. The parental attunement response is reinterpreted as a way by which Western interiority and subjectivity are socially constructed. Language as the fundamental cause of alienation and dividedness is disputed. In Stern's theory, universal qualities of the self and the processes of language acquisition are responsible for several psychological ills characteristic of the 20th century. By exonerating political structures as causal factors, decontextualized theories legitimize, justify, and perpetuate current arrangements of power and privilege.     

A Social Psychological Perspective

Ethics is normative; ethics indicates, in broad terms, what researchers should do. For example, researchers should respect human participants. Empirical study tells us what actually happens. Empirical research is often needed to fine-tune the best ways to achieve normative objectives, for example, to discover how best to achieve the dual aims of gaining important knowledge and respecting participants. Ethical decision making by scientists and institutional review boards should not be based on hunches and anecdotes (e.g., about such matters as what information potential research participants would want to know and what they understand, or what they consider to be acceptable risks). These questions should be answered through empirical research. Some of the preceding articles in this special issue illustrate uses of empirical research on research ethics. This article places empirical research on research ethics into broader perspective and challenges investigators to use the tools of their disciplines to proactively solve ethical problems for which there currently exist no empirically proven solutions.     

Investigation of Psychometric Properties of the Test for Creative Thinking—Drawing Production: Evidence from Study in Latvia

The Test for Creative Thinking—Drawing Production (TCT‐DP) is designed as an effective drawing‐based instrument for measuring creative potential. Many studies report adaptation efforts in other cultures pointing out good psychometric properties of the instrument nonetheless revealing also some trouble spots. The present study includes adaptation of TCT‐DP in Latvia and investigation of psychometric properties of the instrument such as measurement invariance between forms, sequence effect, gender differences, and factor structure of criteria employing methodology of structural equation modeling. Two samples were involved in the study—9th‐grade students (n = 300) and 15‐year‐old 9th‐grade students (n = 200). Results indicate that trained judges are able to achieve high reliability in evaluation of TCT‐DP total score and all criteria if some criteria are divided into subcategories. It was also found that TCT‐DP has measurement invariance between both forms but has small effect sizes regarding gender differences and method sequence. Observed differences of TCT‐DP total scores between the Latvian sample and relevant samples from Germany and Hong Kong could be considered as trivial. The study also revealed that, following original instructions, some test criteria had strong interdependence and therefore strategies in the evaluation process reducing interdependencies between criteria should be considered in future studies on the structure of TCT‐DP.     

Skills and Tacit Skills: A Psychological Perspective

La notion d'habileté a différentes significations pour le psychologue et pour le sociologue. Nous avons essayé ici de donner une définition plus précise de cette notion d'un point de vue psychologique et ainsi de fourair une meilleure analyse de la notion d'habileté implicite. Nous avons aussi indiqué comment les concepts d'habileté et de technique sont articulés. Enfin, nous avons traité quelques aspects psychologiques du problème de l'évaluation des habiletés. Nous avons indiqué comment les changements introduits par les nouvelles technologies apportent un regain d'intérêt à ces problèmes et en même temps permettent des les étudier sous un nouvel angle.
The notion of skill has different meanings for the psychologist and the sociologist. We have attempted here to give a more precise definition of this notion from a psychological point of view and thus to provide a better analysis of the notion of tacit skill. We have also indicated how the concepts of skill and technique are articulated. Finally, we have dealt with some psychological aspects of the problem of skill evaluation. We have indicated how changes introduced by new technologies provide a new interest in these problems and at the same time allow them to be studied from a new angle.     

工夫论:研究梁漱溟心理学思想的新视野

对梁漱溟心理学思想的研究中始终存在以下问题:西方心理学框架的束缚,思想与生活实践的分离,思想演变历程的忽视。要解决这些问题,需要新的研究视野。工夫论具有“知行合一”的特质,其中思想与行动融合无间,而且具备动态展现的条件; 梁漱溟有丰富工夫实践,且与他的心理学思想有不可分离的联系。这些使工夫论作为研究视野契合于梁漱溟的心理学思想成为可能,并使之有别于既有的心理学史和本土心理学研究。     

Psychological Defense Mechanisms: A New Perspective

Approaching psychological defense mechanisms from the perspective of an evolved strategy, it is proposed that there are two basic templates-dissociation and cognitive distortions. Frequently conceived of as pathological, these psychological phenomena actually constitute overlapping spectrums with milder manifestations being common and highly functional, and more severe variants less common and typically dysfunctional. Dissociation provides the capacity to adaptively detach from disturbing emotional states, and cognitive distortions place a positive ego-enhancing spin on experience. Most of the classical defense mechanisms described in the psychoanalytic literature represent a form of cognitive distortion with some containing strong elements of dissociation.     

进化心理学视角中的腐败行为及心理机制

腐败作为全世界普遍关注的焦点问题,不同领域学者针对腐败行为产生原因与对策进行探讨。普遍认为制度、权力、文化等因素是腐败行为产生的重要原因,个别研究涉及到腐败主体的内在心理。进化心理学从进化和适应的视角对人类行为发生及心理内在特征具有终极解释度。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,基于进化心理学的独特视角,从个体生命史历程(如童年创伤、贫穷经历等)去揭示腐败行为产生的心理机制。     

Creating Cultural Meaning in Products and Brands: A Psychological Perspective

R. Batra (2019) and S. Fournier and C. Alvarez (2019) provide many substantive perspectives related to the questions about creating cultural meaning in products and brands. This commentary organizes their views and thoughts under five broadly categorized questions and identifies additional relevant perspectives and questions for future research.     

Advisor–Student Relationship in Business Education Project Collaborations: A Psychological Contract Perspective

Fulfillment of students' expectations in the educational context is likely to generate a sense of satisfaction and well‐being. The current study examines the association between students' perceptions of psychological contract breach and their psychological well‐being and satisfaction in a project collaboration context with a thesis advisor. The moderating role of conscientiousness on these relationships is considered. Students in 48 group thesis projects of the undergraduate management program at a private university in the Philippines were surveyed. Students perceiving higher levels of psychological contract breach in the advisor–student relationship reported lower levels of psychological well‐being and project satisfaction. The negative effects of psychological contract breach on psychological well‐being were stronger for students high in conscientiousness compared with students low in conscientiousness.     

旅游心理机制的文化学剖析

旅游作为人类文化的创造物,其文化因子深深地根植于旅游者的心灵、凝固于旅游者的血脉,成为调适行为规范和自我塑造的理想和目标。本文以文化学功能理论的观点,研究旅游的心理潜意识,从游的超越解脱功能、游的自我转换历程、游的自我升华途径和游的“在与不在”的超然状态等文化心理现象探究旅游心理文化机制的内涵与意义。     

Understanding Psychological Safety in Health Care and Education Organizations: A Comparative Perspective

Psychological safety plays a vital role in helping people overcome barriers to learning and change in interpersonally challenging work environments. This article focuses on two such contexts—health care and education. The authors theorize differences in psychological safety based on work type, hierarchical status, and leadership effectiveness. Consistent with prior research, the authors employ cross-industry comparison to highlight distinctive features of different professions. The goal is to illuminate similarities and differences with implications for future psychological safety research. To do this, the authors review relevant literature and present analyses of large data samples in each industry to stimulate further research on psychological safety in both sectors, separately and together.     

《心理科学进展》2014年度审稿专家名录

<正>《心理科学进展》编辑部热忱感谢下列审稿专家在2014年对本刊的大力支持。《心理科学进展》上发表的论文能够保持今天的高质量,与他们认真负责、公正无私的精神密不可分。编辑部代表广大读者和作者对这些审稿专家表示感谢!以下是《心理科学进展》2014年度(2014.1.1~2014.12.31)审稿专家名单,括号内为审稿篇次。